UK/China Water Resources Demand Management Assistance Project
中英合作水资源需求管理项目
WRDMAP Glossary of Terms : Chinese and English
术语汇编（中英对照）
（初版）
Water Resources Demand Management Assistance Project
水资源需求管理援助项目
WRDMAP Glossary of Terms : Chinese and English
术语汇编（中英对照）
“Acquire new knowledge whilst thinking over the old, and you may
become a teacher of others.”
—Confucius
“温故而知新，可以为师矣”——孔子
Preface
前 言
本术语表是水资源需求管理项目术语表的初级版本，是在水资源需求管理项目中汇编而成，该项目是由英国国际发展部出资、水利部负责实施的双边合作项目。在水行业发展项目初期就开始编写术语表，随后在水资源需求管理援助项目（WRDMAP）启动之前进一步对术语表进行了修订和更新。WRDMAP项目决定将目前版本的术语表印刷成册，尽管专家们指出它还存在诸多不足之处。在项目起始阶段对术语表尽可能地进行了修正。WRDMAP项目计划在2006年底重新印制术语表，在第二版中将纳入来自相关各方的修改意见和建议。
This draft/preliminary version of the Water Resources Demand Management Project Glossary has been assembled under the Water Resources Demand Management Project funded by DFID and carried out by MWR. The Glossary was started during the earlier Water Sector Development Project and was subsequently further developed during the period prior to the commencement of WRDMAP. It has been decided to print this version despite the fact that WRDMAP experts have identified many shortcomings in the document. These have been corrected to the extent possible during the Inception Phase of the Project. However, it is intended to reprint an improved second edition at the end of 2006 incorporating comments and modifications, suggestions received.
本术语表的编写目的是为项目人员提供水资源管理方面的常用术语、短语以及技术、机构缩略语，以便促进项目中方人员与国际专家之间的相互理解和交流沟通。在因学科、机构或地理区域的不同而常常导致术语的翻译出现很大差别的情况下，本术语表将尤其有助于口、笔译人员在翻译工作中使用更加统一的中英术语。
The purpose of this document is to provide in English and Chinese commonly used water resources management terms and phrases and technical and agency abbreviations for the benefit of facilitating better understanding and communication amongst and between Chinese counterparts and international personnel working on the Project. This document is intended to be particularly useful in assisting interpreters and translators in carrying out their important role by using more uniform terminology in both languages where often terms can be interpreted or translated very differently depending upon discipline, agency, or geographic area.
本术语表不是开创性的，不是不可更改的，也不是一本水资源管理术语词典。给予“定义”的目的是按照词典编纂惯例为常用术语或短语提供一种“描述性”的解释。本术语表并不是根据传统词典的“规定性”解释方式精确定义的。为此，对于一些术语和短语，对其在其他学科、机构或地理区域可能常见的用法或者替换词进行了解释。同时，还应当指出的是不是所有的英文术语都按照字母顺序排列，为了方便起见，有的术语排列在近似词或者与主题相关的词后面。
This document is neither the seminal nor definitive glossary nor dictionary of water management terms and phrases. The objective of the “definition” is to provide a “descriptive” explanation of the term or phrase based on lexicographical practice of current usage. It is not a glossary of precise definitions based on traditional dictionary practice of “prescriptive” explanation. For this reason, with some terms and phases, there is an explanation of its application or alternative words that may be commonly encountered in other disciplines, agencies or geographic areas. It should also be noted that not all entries are in alphabetical order but sometimes more conveniently located next to similar words or subject matter issues.
虽然本术语表的现有内容在很多方面都需要“审视”，勿庸置疑，还可以将更多的词语和短语添加到术语表中，并对所提供的定义进行修改。如果您对术语表有任何的意见和建议，包括添加和删除术语、修改定义、解释和译文、调整格式和版面等等，请通过电子邮件发送给WRDMAP项目的管理助理王玥女士（wangyue@wrdmap.cn）。
There are undoubtedly many more terms and phrases that can be added and/or variations to the definitions provided whilst the existing contents needs ‘attention’ in many areas. It is requested that any reader who may have comments or contributions to the contents – adding, deleting or correcting definitions and explanations, translations, or format, please send your comments to the WRDMAP Project Management Assistant Wang Yue {wangyue@wrdmap.cn}.
Advisory Team Leader, ATL, Beijing, January 2006.
咨询专家组长（ATL）
2006年1月于北京
English 英文 | Definition 定义 | pin- yin 拼音 | Chinese 中文 | Definition 定义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
abstract | Remove or withdraw water from any source, either temporarily or permanently | qu shui | 取水 | 临时性或永久性地将水从任何水源移走。 |
abstraction fee | Payment to a government agency, e.g. water resource department, for the right to abstract water | qu shui fei | 取水费 | 为取水的权利向政府部门（例如水利部门）交纳的费用。 |
discharge fee | Payment to a government agency, e.g. environment department, for the right to discharge wastewater | pai wu fei | 排污费 | 为排放污水的权利向政府部门（例如环境部门）交纳的费用。 |
fee | Payment to government or a government agency for the right to use water, e.g. abstract water or discharge wastewater, or for the costs of issue and administration of permits or licenses | Fei | 费 | 为用水（例如取水或者排放污水）的权利或者用水许可证或执照的发放和管理成本向政府或者政府部门交纳的费用。 |
charge | Price of water supply or wastewater discharge payable to the government agency or other company providing the service | shou fei，shui fei | 水费,收费 | 应当向政府机构或者其它提供服务的公司支付的供水或者污水排放价格。 |
abstraction license | The authorization granted by a water agency or other regulatory authority to allow the abstraction of water from a water source | qu shui xu ke
| 取水许可 | 由水利机构或者其它管理部门所发放的允许从某个水源取水的授权证书。 |
accountability | Being answerable to a person or organization to ensure that tasks are carried out in accordance with specific instructions or legislation. This term is generally used when the accountable person or organization may delegate the actual execution of the tasks to another person or organization. Compare with responsibility. | wen ze, wen ze zhi | 问责，问责制 | 对某个人或者组织负责，以保证按照具体的指令或者法规的要求开展工作。本术语通常用于应当承担责任的个人或者组织可以将工作的具体开展托付给另一个人或者组织的情况。比较责任。 |
action plan | Qualitative description of a set of actions to be taken in order to achieve one or more objectives. Often prepared as inspiration for formulation and planning of more specific programmes or projects. | xing dong ji hua | 行动计划 | 对旨在实现一个或者多个目标的一系列行动所做的定性说明。常常是为制订、筹划比较具体的计划或者项目提依据而准备的。 |
leakage detection | Methods to identify water losses from distribution networks, fittings and household appliances, e.g. field inspections, analysis of night flows and water pressure, using geophones or listening sticks | shen lou jian ce 渗漏检测 | 检查配水管网、设备和家庭器具水的流失的方法，例如进行现场检查，分析夜间流量和水压，利用地音探听器或者听音棒探听。 | |
leakage control | Systematic program to minimize leakage from water distribution networks by use of appropriate materials, pressure tests of new piping, leakage detection campaigns, maintenance and repair | shen lou kong zhi 渗漏控制 | 最大限度地减少配水管网渗漏的系统性计划，包括使用适当的材料,对新管线进行压力试验,开展渗漏检测运动,进行维护和修理等。 | |
agency | Any department, statutory authority, commission or similar organization established by legislation and/or subject to government control | ji gou, ji guan, bu men | 机构，机关,部门 | 依法成立并且（或者）受政府管辖的任何部门、法定机构、委员会或者类似的组织。 |
allocation | Procedures to share available water resources among competing users and uses, including the resulting distribution of water | shui fen pei | 水分配 | 在竞争性用水户与用途之间分配水资源的过程，包括向用户配水。 |
aquatic environment | The physical, chemical or ecological environment existing within lakes, rivers and other water bodies | shui huan jing | 水环境 | 湖泊、河流及其它水体的物理、化学或者生态环境。 |
aquifer | A water-bearing underground formation of permeable rock or sediment able to hold, transmit and release significant quantities of water | han shui ceng, xu shui ceng | 含水层，蓄水层 | 由渗透性岩石或者泥沙组成的能够储存、传输和释放较多水量的地层。 |
groundwater mining | Withdrawal of groundwater in amounts that exceeds the average rate of recharge of the aquifer | di xia shui kai cai | 地下水开采 | 地下水开采量超过了含水层的平均补给速度。 |
assimilative capacity | The capacity of a water body to receive wastewater or toxic materials without detrimental effects and without damage to the aquatic environment or humans who consume the water | na wu neng li | 纳污能力 | 水体接纳废水或有毒物质而不会带来有害影响以及给水环境或者使用该水体的人带来损害的能力。 |
audit (end-use) | Procedure to check whether water is used according to plans or permits and having the intended social, economic or environmental impacts | shen ji (zhong duan yong shui) | 审计（终端用水） | 检查用水是否符合计划或许可证的规定、是否产生预期的社会、经济或者环境影响的过程。 |
audit (financial) | Examination of financial records of an agency or company to determine if the records are accurate and provide a realistic account of the financial status of the agency or company | shen ji (cai wu) | 审计（财务） | 检查机构或者公司的财务记录，以确定记录是否准确，是否反映了该机构或者公司的实际财务状况。 |
audit (water) | A systematic assessment of the amount and nature of water use by different end users (residential, commercial, or industrial) in order to identify potential areas for reduction, conservation or efficiency improvement of the water use | shen ji (shui) | 审计（水） | 对不同终端用户（居民、商业或者工业用户）用水的数量和性质进行系统的评估，以确定在哪些方面还有潜力减少用水、节水或者提高用水效率。 |
available resource | The maximum reliable amount of water that can be abstracted from a water source taking account of various factors (probability of the minimum flow in a river or the safe yield of a borehole(?)etc) | ke li yong shui zi yuan liang | 可利用水资源量 | 从某个水源可以开采的最大可靠水量，由河流最小流量概率或者井孔的可靠产水量决定。 |
available supply | The maximum reliable amount of water that can be supplied by a water supplier | ke gong shui liang | 可供水量 | 供水机构可提供的最大可靠供水量。 |
average-day demand | Average daily water use from a distribution system as measured by the annual water production divided by 365 | ri ping jun xu shui liang | 日平均需水量 | 以年水产总量除以365得出的配水系统平均日用水量。 |
avoided-cost | The costs that a water supply company avoids through reduction of water consumption and water losses, including both operating and capital costs | bi mian fei yong | 避免费用 | 供水公司通过减少用水和水损避免的费用，包括运行费用和资本费用。 |
background leakage | Water losses from small leaks that are uneconomic to locate and repair | ben di shen lou | 本底渗漏 | 微小渗漏造成的水损，查找、维修这些微小渗漏是不经济的。 |
baseline | Description, usually quantitative, of an existing situation that is used for comparison when conditions are altered. Mainly used in development projects for comparison of the “before-after” situation. May include both social, economic, environmental and operational parameters. See also benchmarking | ji xian | 基线 | 对现状的描述，通常是定量的，用来在条件变化时进行比较。主要在开发项目中用于“前-后”状况的比较。可以包括社会、经济、环境及运行参数。见基准借鉴。 |
“Basin Vision” | A view or image of the desirable future condition of water resources and water use in a river basin. Applied in river basin planning to help formulate action plans. | liu yu zhan wang | 流域展望 | 对流域的水资源与用水未来理想状况的观点或者设想。在流域规划中用于帮助制订行动计划。 |
benchmarking | A systematic process using a set of indicators to measure and compare an organization's operation, working practices and performance against other organizations operating under similar conditions or recognized as having the best possible performance. Used to establish performance targets and improve management and working methods. | ji zhun jie jian, guan qu te xing zhi biao zong he ping gu ti xi | 基准借鉴，灌区特性指标综合评估体系 | 利用一组指标对一个组织的运行、工作方法和绩效进行度量并与其它处于类似条件下或者被认为达到可能最佳绩效的组织进行比较。用于建立绩效目标，改善管理和工作方法。 |
beneficial use | The use of water for a socially, economically, or environmentally useful purpose. Commonly the following uses are recognized as beneficial: domestic, municipal, industrial, irrigation, mining, hydroelectric power, navigation, recreation, livestock raising, public parks, wildlife and game preserves. | you yi yong shui, you xiao yong shui | 有益用水，有效用水 | 出于经济、社会或环境方面的有益目的而用水。通常以下各方面的用水都被认为是有益的：生活、市政、工业、灌溉、采矿、水电、航运、娱乐、牲畜饲养、公园、野生动物保护区等。 |
benefit-cost analysis | An evaluation of total benefits to total costs of an actual or proposed water programme or project, used to compare and rank alternative investment strategies or project designs. Usually expressed in monetary terms as Internal Rate of Return or Economic Internal Rate of Return. | xiao yi fei yong fen xi, cheng ben xiao yi fen xi | 效益费用分析, 成本效益分析 | 对实际或者建议的水资源计划或项目的总效益与总费用进行评价，用于对不同的投资战略或者项目设计方案进行比较排序。通常以货币指标表示成内部回收率或者经济内部回收率。 |
discount rate | The discount rate is the interest rate that national banks charge on loans to commercial banks. The discount rate is used to evaluate whether government investments in water projects are financially and economically viable, see Internal Rate of Return and Economic Internal Rate of Return. | zhe xian lü, tie xian lü | 折现率，贴现率 | 是国家银行对向商业银行的贷款利率。用于评价政府的水利项目投资在财务和经济上是否可行。见内部回收率和经济内部回收率。 |
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) | Measure of the financial viability of a project calculated as the average annual profit over the life-time of the project using prices that include government duties, taxes and subsidies. The investment in a project is acceptable to the investor if IRR is equal to or higher than the interest which could be obtained from an alternative use of the invested capital. For water projects which mainly rely on government funding IRR is compared with the central bank discount rate. See also Economic Internal Rate of Return. | nei bu hui shou lü, nei bu shou yi lü | 内部回收率，内部收益率 | 衡量项目财务可行性的指标，以根据包括政府关税、税收和补贴在内的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润表示。如果内部回收率等于或者大于将投资资本用于其它方面的利息，该项目的投资对投资者是可以接受的。对主要依赖于政府投资的水利项目，则将内部回收率与中央银行折现率进行比较。见经济内部回收率。 |
IRR | Internal Rate of Return |
| 内部回收率的缩写。 | |
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) | Measure of the economic efficiency of government investment in a water project calculated as the average annual profit over the life-time of the investment, using prices that exclude government duties, taxes and subsidies. The investment is economically attractive to government if EIRR is equal to or higher than the central bank discount rate, which reflects the interest that could be gained by lending the invested capital to other purposes. | jing ji nei bu hui shou lü | 经济内部回收率 | 衡量政府水利项目投资经济效率的指标，以根据不包括政府关税、税收和补贴在内的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润表示。如果经济内部回收率等于或者大于中央银行折现率，该投资在经济上对政府是有吸引力的，该折现率反映了将投资资本借给其它方面可获得的利息。 |
EIRR | Economic Internal Rate of Return | jing ji nei bu hui shou lü | 经济内部回收率 | 经济内部回收率的缩写。 |
benefits | The positive or desired results of a water project. Benefits may be social, environmental or economic in nature. See also tangible, intangible and net benefits. | xiao yi, li yi, shou yi | 效益,利益，受益 | 水利项目的正面或者理想结果。从其性质来说效益可以是社会、环境或者经济的。见有形效益、无形效益和净效益。 |
best management practice | An empirically proven, cost-effective and beneficial way of managing a company that is widely accepted among sector professionals as the standard to follow | zui jia guan li fang fa, zui jia guan li mo shi | 最佳管理方法, 最佳管理模式 | 经过实践证明、成本有效、有益的公司管理模式，在专业领域内被公认为学习的榜样。 |
bilateral donor | A development aid agency which provides grants and loans from funds provided by a single donor country directly to the recipient country, e.g. DFID (UK), AusAID (Australia) and Danida (Denmark) | shuang bian yuan zhu ji gou | 双边援助机构 | 利用自单一援助国提供的资金直接向受援国提供赠款和贷款的开发机构，例如英国的DFID，澳大利亚的AusAid、丹麦的Danida等。 |
bilateral development assistance | Development assistance provided directly from the donor country to the recipient county | shuang bian kai fa yuan zhu | 双边开发援助 | 直接由援助国向受援国提供的开发援助。 |
biodiversity | The variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. The term encompasses different ecosystems, species, and genes. | sheng wu duo yang xing | 生物多样性 | 生物界及其赖以生存的生态综合体的多样性和变化性。该术语涵盖不同的生态系统、物种和基因。 |
block tariff | A water tariff structure with step-wise increase or decrease of the price per unit water from one block to the next. Used mainly as an increasing block tariff to a) supply the basic needs of water at a price that is affordable to poor households, and b) to give large consumers an incentive to reduce their water consumption. | jie ti shui jia | 阶梯水价 | 一种水价结构，水的单价从一个水量段到下一个水量段逐步增加或者减少。最常用的是上升式阶梯水价，目的是 1）以贫困家庭有能力支付的价格满足基本需水；2）鼓励用水大户减少用水量。 |
bore | Internal diameter of a pipe or a borehole. Also slang for borehole or drilled well. | kong jing, jing kong, zuan jing | 孔径，井孔，钻井 | 管道或者井孔的内径。在英语中也是代表井孔或钻井的行话。 |
borehole | A hole in the ground with small diameter relative to depth, bored, drilled or driven into the ground in order to investigate or abstract groundwater. Also called a drilled well. | jing kong, zuan jing | 井孔，钻井 | 采用钻孔等方法在地上打的孔，其孔径相对于深度较小，用于调查或者开采地下水。也称为钻井。 |
budget (water-use) | An accounting method or quantitative assessment of the total amount of water available in a hydrological system over a period of time. The water budget includes all inputs, abstractions and uses of water for a given location or activity, e.g. rainfall and run-off, recharge and seepage, abstractions, return flows and wastewater discharges. It may refer to current or projected conditions. | shui liang ping heng, shui fen ping heng, shui fen cha e, shui ping heng ji suan, shui liang shou zhi yu suan, suan shui zhang | 水量平衡，水分平衡，水分差额，水平衡计算，水量收支预算，算水帐 | 一个水文系统在一定时期内可利用水资源总量的计算方法或者定量评价。水量平衡包括特定地点或者特定活动的所有水的输入、取水和用水，例如降水与径流、补给和渗漏、取水、回归水和污水排放。可以指现状或者预测的条件。 |
seepage | Movement of water from one aquifer to another or from an aquifer to the ground surface where water may emerge from a single point as springs or over a broad area to form wetlands | shen liu, shen lou, shen lou liang | 渗流，渗漏，渗漏量 | 水从一个含水层缓慢流向另一个含水层或者地面，在地面可以作为泉水从一点流出，也可以在较大范围内流出形成湿地。 |
bulk services | Delivery of large amounts of water from an agency or company to several smaller agencies or companies that in turn serve individual consumers or customers, e.g. a reservoir and canal management company delivering water to a number of irrigation 'districts' or systems that serve farmers or to urban water companies that distribute water to domestic, institutional and commercial customers. Also used for regional storm water drainage and flood control services which operate primary drainage canals and pumping stations or maintain river or sea dikes that protect large areas of land from flooding. | pi liang fu wu | 批量服务 | 一个机构或者公司向几个较小的机构或者公司大量供水，后者然后向各个用户供水，例如水库和渠道管理公司向为农民服务的多个灌区供水，或者向为家庭、机构和商业用户服务的城市自来水公司供水。也指区域性的暴雨排水和防洪服务机构，它们负责管理主要的排水渠道、泵站或者维护保护大片土地的防洪河堤或者海堤。 |
byelaws | Local laws or regulations that often are required to make national law effective or operational at lower administrative levels. | di fang fa gui, gui zhang, she tuan zhang cheng | 地方法规,规章，社团章程 | 地方法律、法规，常常用于在地方上贯彻落实国家法律。 |
capacity building | Developing the capability of an organization, or parts of an organization, by enhancing the skills and experience of its employees, improving its work practices and procedures, and upgrading its technology. Often used for and interchangeably with institutional development and institutional strengthening. | neng li jian she | 能力建设 | 开发一个机构或者机构某些部门的能力，包括提高其人员的技能与经验，改进工作方法和程序，更新技术等。常常与机构发展、机构加强交替使用。 |
capacity development | Improving the capacity of an organisation to adjust to changes in the surrounding society, often used for and interchangeably with institutional development | neng li kai fa | 能力开发 | 加强一个机构适应社会条件变化的能力，常常与机构发展交替使用。 |
capital costs | The costs related to capital invested in infrastructure that provides productive services or benefits over a period lasting longer than one year, e.g. an irrigation scheme or water treatment plant. Includes depreciation of assets and debt service, i.e. interest payments and repayment of the principal on a loan. | ji ben jian she fei yong, zi ben cheng ben, chu jian fei | 基本建设费用，资本成本，初建费 | 提供一年以上生产性服务或者效益的基础设施建设投资费用，例如灌溉工程或者水处理厂。包括资产折旧和债务还本付息，即支付贷款的利息和偿还本金。 |
capital facilities | Infrastructure used in a production process such as pumping stations, transmission mains, treatment plants and distribution or sewer networks of a water supply or wastewater system | zi ben she shi, gu ding zi ben | 资本设施，固定资本 | 生产过程中使用的基础设施,例如供水或者污水系统中的泵站、输水干管、处理厂、配水管网或者污水管网。 |
catchment | An area in which run-off drains to a single river or lake. The area can be delimited by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two rivers on a map. Also used for the area upstream of a water intake on a river or around a borehole that the intake or borehole catches water from. Also called a watershed. | liu yu, ji shui qu, hui shui pen di | 流域；集水区，汇水盆地 | 径流赖以汇集流入单一河流或者湖泊的区域。可以在地图上沿两条河流之间最高点的连线划定流域的边界。也指河流上的某个取水口上游或者井孔周围的汇水区域。在英语中也称为watershed。 |
catchment management | The analysis, protection, development and maintenance of the land, vegetation and water resources of a catchment for the conservation of all its resources and hydrological properties. The term is generally applied to catchments smaller than river basins where there is a close relation between land use and water resources and the management of land and water mainly is a local issue. These issues include soil erosion, flash flooding and environmental degradation. | liu yu guan li | 流域管理 | 对流域的土地、植被和水资源进行分析、保护、开发和维护，以保护其所有资源和水文特性。该术语通常用于较小的流域(catchments)，在这里土地利用与水资源之间有密切的关系，土地和水的管理主要是局部性问题。这些问题包括土壤侵蚀、突发洪水和环境恶化。 |
catchment process model | A hydrological model that is used to predict the relationship between rainfall and runoff from a catchment, sometimes including soil erosion, sediment transport and other water quality parameters | liu yu guo cheng mo xing | 流域过程模型 | 一种用于预测流域降雨-径流关系的水文模型，有时包括土壤侵蚀、泥沙输送和其它水质参数。 |
climate | The sum of the meteorological elements that characterize the average and extreme conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time at any one place or region of the earth's surface. (Compare weather). | qi hou | 气候 | 表现地球表面任何地点或者地区大气的长期平均和极端状态特征的气象要素总和。比较天气。 |
climate change | Predicted change in climate characteristics including natural variations and changes arising from human activities. See also global warming and greenhouse effect. | qi hou bian hua | 气候变化 | 预测的气候特征变化，包括自然变化和人类活动引起的变化。见全球变暖和温室效应。 |
coastal zone | Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology, or whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea | hai an dai | 海岸带 | 与海岸相邻、影响海洋利用和海洋生态或者其利用和生态受海洋影响的土地和水域。 |
plumbing codes | Technical standards for the design and construction of water and wastewater installations and facilities in buildings | guan dao gong cheng gui cheng | 管道工程规程 | 建筑物内给水和污水设施的设计与施工技术标准。 |
community consultation | A systematic process to obtain community opinions as inputs to water resources or water supply planning | she qu xie shang | 社区协商 | 征求社区意见以作为水资源或者供水规划输入的系统过程。 |
community water system | A drinking water system serving at least 15 household connections used by year-round residents of the area served by the system | she qu yong shui xi tong | 社区用水系统 | 在服务区域内至少有15户常住居民用水接管的饮用水系统。 |
conflict resolution | Systematic process of resolving conflicts or settling disputes among organizations, groups or individuals | jie jue mao dun, mao dun hua jie | 解决矛盾,矛盾化解 | 解决组织机构、团体或者个人之间的冲突或者争端的系统过程。 |
Conservation (general) | Preserving and supporting the improvement of water and other natural resources limiting their use to the rate of renewal or regeneration | bao hu, bao chi | 保护，保持 | 保护和帮助改善水和其它自然资源，以更新或者再生速度作为它们的使用限度。 |
conservation (water) | Reduction of water losses and unnecessary or wasteful use of water with minimum impact on the beneficial use of water. Also used for methods to increase the capture of water or store water for beneficial uses. See also water harvesting. | jie shui, bao shui | 节水，保水 | 减少水的损失、不必要用水或浪费用水，而对有益用水的影响最小。也指加强水的收集或者存储以供有益利用的方法。见雨水收集。 |
conservation pricing | Water tariff structures that give users a financial incentive to reduce water usage and water losses. See also demand management. | jie shui shui jia, jie shui ding jia | 节水水价，节水定价 | 为减少用水和水损向用户提供经济鼓励的水价结构。见需求管理。 |
consumer-oriented | Attitudes and practices of a water company or agency that actively and positively address consumer demands, concerns and complaints | mian xiang yong hu de | 面向用户的 | 供水公司或机构积极满足消费者需求、处理其意见与投诉的态度与做法。 |
consumption (urban water supply) | The sum of customer water use and losses from a customer’s plumbing and water facilities | xiao fei liang (cheng shi gong shui) | 消费量（城市供水） | 用水户的用水量及其管道和用水设施水损之和。 |
consumptive use | That part of water which is withdrawn from a river, stream, lake, reservoir or aquifer and not returned as return flows, infiltration or wastewater discharge, because it has been lost by evaporation from humans, livestock or cooling processes, consumed by evapotranspiration from plants and crops, or incorporated into products such as canned food or beer | xiao hao xing yong shui | 消耗性用水 | 取自河流、湖泊、水库或者含水层的水中未以回归水、下渗或者污水排放等形式回归的那部分水，它是通过人、牲畜身体及冷却过程中的蒸发、植物与农作物的蒸腾消耗掉或者进入了罐装食品或者啤酒之类的产品中。 |
cost recovery | Water and wastewater tariffs that enable a company to collect sufficient revenue to cover the (full) financial costs of its services | cheng ben hui shou | 成本回收 | 供水和污水服务价格使公司能够获得足够的收入弥补其服务的（全部）财务成本。 |
cost-benefit analysis | A quantitative evaluation of the total costs and total benefits of a given program or project focussing on tangible economic or financial benefits, used to describe a project or compare and rank alternative project designs. Usually expressed in monetary terms as IRR or IERR. See also benefit-cost analysis. | fei yong xiao yi fen xi, cheng ben xiao yi fen xi | 费用效益分析，成本效益分析 | 对特定计划或项目的总费用和总效益进行的定量评价，重点放在有形的经济或财务效益上，用于描述项目或者对项目不同的设计方案进行比较排序。通常是以货币单位表示成内部回收率或者经济内部回收率。见效益费用分析。 |
cost-effectiveness | A method of project evaluation based on a comparison of the costs to achieve the same result or benefit by different means. | cheng ben you xiao xing, hua suan | 成本有效性，划算 | 对以不同手段取得相同的结果或效益所需要的成本进行对比的项目评价方法。 |
costs | The expenditures needed to implement a construction or general development project, including the direct costs of goods, services and administration as well as indirect costs resulting from negative social or environmental impacts. See also environmental costs and externality costs. | fei yong | 费用 | 实施建设项目或者一般开发项目的花费，包括物资、服务和管理的直接费用，也包括负面的社会或者环境影响所带来的间接费用。见环境费用和外部费用。 |
custodian | A government agency assigned the power and responsibility to collect, store and maintain a set of monitoring data and make it available to the public and other users in accordance with national policies on information management | jian hu ren | 监护人 | 被赋予权力和责任依照国家信息管理政策采集、存储和维护监测资料并提供给公众和其他使用者的政府机构。 |
customer class | A group of customers that share similar characteristics, e.g. domestic, institutional, commercial, industrial, etc. Customers within a single class usually have similar patterns of water use and pay the same tariff. | yong hu lei bie | 用户类别 | 具有相似特点的用户群体，例如家庭用户、机构用户、商业用户、工业用户等。一个类别内的用户通常具有相似的用水模式，支付相同的水价。 |
data | In its strictest sense, data may be defined as the raw numbers for numeric or quantitative information on a variable, available either in time-series format (data on a single variable covering observations over specific periods of time) or in cross-sectional format (data on multiple variables taken at a specific point in time) | shu ju, zi liao | 数据,资料， | 从严格的意义上说，数据可以定义为关于变量的数字或者定量信息，可以为时间序列数据（即有关一个变量的数据由分布于整个特定时期内的观测值组成），也可以为断面数据组（即在某个时间点有关数个变量的数据）。 |
data access | The ability of those that need to use information to be able to obtain and use that information | shu ju fang wen neng li, shu ju fang wen quan, shu ju shi yong quan, shu ju fang wen tu jing | 数据访问能力，数据访问权，数据使用权，数据访问途径 | 需要使用信息的人能够获得和使用该信息的能力。 |
data directory | A computerised database which contains information on the types of data that are available, the periods that are covered, the agency where the data are stored, whom to contact to obtain the data and what its cost might be. Also called a metadatabase. | shu ju mu lu | 数据目录 | 包括关于已有数据的类型、覆盖时间、保存单位、联系人和费用等信息的计算机化数据库。也称为元数据库。 |
data management | The process and means by which data are compiled, organised, stored, safe-guarded, extracted, retrieved, listed and disseminated. Also called information management. | shu ju guan li | 数据管理 | 对数据进行整理、组织、存储、安全保护、摘录、检索、列表和传播的过程与手段。也称为信息管理。 |
data quality | The accuracy by which data represent the magnitude of the physical or chemical variable being measured and the precision by which it has been analysed | shu ju zhi liang | 数据质量 | 数据代表被测量的物理或者化学变量数值的准确度以及数据分析的精度。 |
accuracy | The degree to which data on a variable reflects its actual magnitude | zhun que du, jing que du | 准确度，精确度 | 有关变量的数据反映其实际数值的程度。 |
database | A well-defined and structured collection of data, usually of the same general type, which can be accessed by a computer and readily may be converted into a format suitable for further analysis, presentation, and forecasting | shu ju ku | 数据库 | 定义明确的结构化数据集合，通常是属于同一大类的数据，可以由计算机访问，能够方便地转换成适合作进一步分析、显示和预测的格式。 |
dataset | A collection of data or information which relates to a common theme, subject or topic at a given location or within a specific area, e.g. rainfall, run-off, water quality, water use. It may be stored in paper-based archives or electronic databases as text records, digital data, thematic maps, written reports, etc. | shu ju ji | 数据集 | 有关特定地点或者区域内的一个共同主题的数据或者信息集合，例如降水、径流、水质、用水等。可以采用文字记录、数字数据、专题地图、书面报告等形式存储在纸质档案或者电子数据库中。 |
decentralization | To assign responsibilities or functions previously held by one level of government to a lower level of government, typically from central government to provincial or local government. There are many forms of decentralisation, notably deconcentration and devolution. | zhi quan xia fang, quan li xia fang | 职权下放，权力下放 | 将原来由某一级政府持有的责任或者职能移交给下级政府，通常是从中央政府移交给省或者地方政府。有许多去中心化的方式，主要有去集中化和授权。 |
deconcentration | To split a central government agency and divide or distribute its functions on several smaller units located throughout the agency’s jurisdictional area, but with staff reporting to the headquarter. Also used for a form of decentralisation that transfers administrative functions to lower levels of Government without a corresponding transfer of power and accountability. In China, River Basin Water Resource Commissions represent deconcentration of the Ministry of Water Resources and the administration of prefectures the deconcentration of provincial government. | fen san zhi quan, fen san quan li, quan li xia fang | 分散职权，分散权力，权力下放 | 将一中央政府机构划分出位于其辖区内的数个较小的单位，分担其职能，但是各个单位的人员仍然对总部负责。也指将行政职能移交给下级政府但是并不相应移交权力和绩效责任的去中心化方式。在中国，大流域的流域委员会代表水利部的去集中化，地区行政公署代表省政府的去集中化。 |
divestiture | Transfer of government functions to the private sector, but in practice including transfer to commercialised or corporatised companies wholly or partly owned by government, e.g. a water or wastewater utility | bo li | 剥离 | 将政府的职能转交给民营行业，但是在实际上包括移交给全部或者部分由政府所有的商业化或者股份制公司，例如供水或者污水公司。 |
devolution | Delegation of power and accountability especially by the central government to regional or local administration | ze quan xia fang, quan li yi jiao, shou quan | 责权下放，权力移交，授权 | 中央政府专有的权力和绩效责任下放给地区或者地方政府。 |
decreasing (or declining) block tariff | A pricing structure for water supply, in which the price per unit water decreases step-wise with increasing use. Used to give big consumers a bulk discount but conflicts with current principles for water management | di jian jie ti shui jia | 递减阶梯水价 | 水的单价随着用水量的增加而逐步降低的供水水价结构。用于给用水大户的大量用水打折，但是这与现行的水资源管理原则相矛盾。 |
Dublin Statement | Internationally agreed statement of four basic principles for the management and use of water resources issued by the International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin, 1992 | dublin xuan yan | 都柏林宣言 | 1992年在都柏林召开的国际水与环境大会上各国通过的宣言，该宣言提出了水资源管理与利用的四项基本原则。 |
Agenda 21 | Agenda on environment and development in the 21st century agreed by world leaders at the 1st World Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992. Chapter 18 concerns “Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: Application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources”. | er shi yi shi ji yi cheng | 21世纪议程 | 在1992年里约热内卢第一届世界峰会上各国领导人通过的21世纪环境与发展议程。其中第18章提出“保护淡水资源的质量与供应：对水资源的开发、利用和保护应用一体化方法”。 |
demand forecast | Projection of future water demand for a water supply system or group of consumers | xu shui yu ce | 需水预测 | 对整个系统或客户群未来需水的预测。 |
demand management | Technical, administrative and economic equipment, measures, and incentives used to reduce water consumption and future demands in order better to match consumption and demands with available resources or supplies | xu shui guan li | 需水管理 | 采用技术、行政和经济的措施和鼓励手段减少用水和未来需水从而使它们与可利用的水资源或者供水之间更好地实现平衡。 |
income elasticity | Factor expressing the relationship between changes in income and consumption of water. An income elasticity of 0.5 indicates that an increase of income by 10% will result in an increase in water consumption of 5%. (Applied to predict future water demands for different consumer groups, including agriculture and industry. Applied to predict future water demands for different consumer groups). See also price elasticity. | shou ru tan xing | 收入弹性 | 表示收入变化与用水量变化之间关系的系数。收入弹性为0.5表示收入增加10%将导致用水量增加5%。用于预测不同用户群（包括农业和工业）未来的需水。见价格弹性。 |
price elasticity | Factor expressing the relationship between changes in the price and consumption of water. A price elasticity of -0.5 indicates that a 10% increase the water price will result in a 5% reduction of the water consumption. Applied to predict future water demands for different consumer groups. See also income elasticity. | jia ge tan xing | 价格弹性 | 表示水价变化和用水量变化之间关系的系数。价格弹性为-0.5表示水价提高10%将导致用水量减少5%。用于不同用户群的需水预测。见收入弹性。 |
demographic | Concerning population or socio-economic conditions | ren kou de, ren kou tong ji de, ren kou tong ji xue de | 人口的，人口统计的，人口统计学的 | 关于人口或社会经济条件的。 |
dependency ratio | The ratio of dependents to the productive population, usually the ratio between the population in the age groups of 0-15 and 64+ who are assumed to be economically unproductive and to those in the age group 15- 64, but country specific | fu yang bi lü, fu yang lü, yi lai du | 抚养比率，抚养率，依赖度 | 依靠生产人口生活的人口比例，通常是0-15岁及64岁以上人口（即被认为不从事经济生产的人口）与15-64岁人口之间的比例，但是随各国具体情况而有所不同。 |
depreciation of assets | Adjustment of the value of assets, e.g. infrastructure, buildings and land, in the accounts of a water company to reflect the gradual deterioration in the condition of infrastructure over its lifetime. In practice the value of buildings and land will often appreciate, i.e. increase in value. | zi chan zhe jiu | 资产折旧 | 在供水公司帐户中对基础设施、建筑和土地等资产价值的调整，以反映基础设施状况在其使用期限内的逐渐退化。实际上，建筑和土地常常是升值的。 |
develop | To activate previously unused human and natural resources for new and more productive or beneficial uses | kai fa | 开发（动词） | 激活原来未得到利用的人力和自然资源，用于新的、生产更多价值的或者更加有益的用途。 |
development | The process developing | kai fa | 开发（名词） | 开发的过程。 |
diffuse pollution | Water pollution produced by land-use activities taking place over a large area. Occurs when run-off or infiltration leaches pesticides, fertilizers, animal wastes and other pollution into rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater aquifers. Also called non-point source pollution. | mian yuan wu ran | 面源污染 | 由大范围内土地利用活动产生的水污染。当径流或者下渗将农药、肥料、动物粪便和其它污染物带入河流、湖泊、水库、地下含水层时发生面源污染。也称为非点源污染。 |
discharge permit or license | A permit granted by the regulatory authority to discharge wastewater of specified quality and volume | wu shui pai fang xu ke zheng huo zhi zhao | 污水排放许可证或执照 | 主管部门发放的允许排放符合规定质、量要求的污水的许可证或者执照。 |
discount rate | A percentage value that is used to adjust the forecast of future expenditures or investment to their present day value, taking account of interest rates and inflation. See also present value. | zhe suan lü | 折算率 | 考虑利率和通货膨胀的影响，用来调整未来支出或投资的预测值以得到其现值的百分数。见现值。 |
dissemination | The provision of data and information to the public or specific target groups | chuan bo, xuan chuan | 传播，宣传 | 向公众或者特定目标群体提供数据和信息。 |
distributed database | A database with different parts stored on computers in different locations linked together by a network | fen bu shi shu ju ku | 分布式数据库 | 其不同部分储存在不同地点的计算机上并通过网络相互连接起来的数据库。 |
distribution costs | The costs to a water company of managing and operating a water distribution system | pei shui fei yong | 配水费用 | 供水公司管理、经营配水系统的费用。 |
distribution facilities | Pipes, storage, booster pumps and other facilities used to distribute drinking water to end-users | pei shui she shi | 配水设施 | 向最终用户分配饮用水的管道、蓄水设备、增压泵和其它设施。 |
booster pump | Pump used to increase pressure in a transmission or distribution pipe | zeng ya beng, sheng ya beng | 增压泵，升压泵 | 用于增加输水或者配水管道压力的水泵。 |
distribution network | The pipe system for distribution of water to consumers, often divided into feeder mains bringing water to different sections of a town and distribution mains bringing water to individual consumer connections | pei shui guan wang | 配水管网 | 向用户配水的管道系统，常常分为把水输往不同城市地段的支干管和将水送往各个用户接管的配水干管。 |
distribution losses | The total water loss from the water company distribution system | pei shui sun shi | 配水损失 | 供水公司配水系统的所有水损。 |
diversified economy
| Economy of government water agencies which engage in business activities outside their primary government assigned function in order to supplement government funding with income that will enable increase of staff salaries and better funding for the primary water function. (Common: The business is usually conducted in subsidiaries established under China's Company Law and may or may not be related to the water sector). | duo zhong jing ying, duo zhong jing ying jing ji | 多种经营， 多种经营经济 | 政府水利机构从事政府为其规定的基本职能以外的经营活动以弥补政府提供资金的不足，经营所得收入用来增加职工工资和扩大其主要业务的资金来源。通常这些经营活动在根据中国公司法建立的附属公司进行，与水利行业可能有关系，也可能没有关系。 |
diversion | A hydraulic structure to divert part the flow in a river to a separate distribution, e.g. a weir and associated irrigation canals. Also used for the amount of water that is diverted, in order to distinguish between the volume that is diverted and the volume that actually is used. | yin shui, fen shui, yin shui she shi, yin shui liang | 引水，分水，引水设施，引水量 | 从河流引走部分水流到其它水道的水利工程，例如引水堰和相关的灌溉渠道。也指引水量，用于区分引水量和实际使用量。 |
domestic consumption monitors | Methods by which water companies assess un-metered consumption by monitoring the consumption for a sample of the population | sheng huo yong shui liang jian ce fang fa, sheng huo hao shui liang jian ce fang fa, jia ting yong shui jian ce | 生活用水量监测方法，生活耗水监测方法，家庭用水监测 | 供水公司通过对样本人口的用水进行监测来评价未计量用水量的方法。 |
domestic water supply | Water used for household purposes, including drinking, cooking, personal hygiene, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and outside uses such as watering of domestic animals, kitchen gardens and lawns, and car washing | sheng huo gong shui | 生活供水 | 指家庭用水，包括饮用、烹饪、个人卫生、洗衣和洗餐具、冲厕以及家养动物饮用、菜园和草坪灌溉、洗车等户外用水。 |
drainage | Removing excess water or wastewater from urban areas or agricultural land | pai shui | 排水 | 将市区或者农用土地上过量的水或者污水排走。 |
drainage basin | See catchment | liu yu | 流域 | 见catchment。 |
drawdown | The drop in the ground water table caused by pumping from a groundwater well and in the form of a cone of depression | di xia shui wei xia jiang, di xia shui wei xia jiang chui zhi ju li, jiang shen | 地下水位下降，地下水位下降垂直距离，降深 | 由于从水井抽水引起的地下水面呈漏斗形的降落。 |
cone of depression | The broadly conical depression of the watertable around a groundwater well that develops in response to pumping from the well | di xia shui xia jiang lou dou | 地下水下降漏斗 | 在地下水井周围因为从井中抽水而形成的大致呈漏斗状的潜水面。 |
watertable | The surface of groundwater in an aquifer which is in contact with the atmosphere (through the pore spaces of overlying sediments) | di xia shui wei, qian shui mian | 地下水位，潜水面 | 含水层中（通过上方泥沙中的空隙）与大气接触的地下水表面。 |
drilled well | A borehole drilled into the ground in order to investigate or abstract groundwater. | zuan jing | 钻井 | 为调查或者开采地下水钻的井孔。 |
drivers | The key factors or actors, that influence a situation or decision, propel the system forward, and have significant influence on the outcome | tui dong yin su | 推动因素 | 影响某种状况或者决定、推动系统的发展并对结果产生重要影响的关键因素或者角色。 |
drought | A long period with rainfall significantly below average causing water shortages with serious impact on the water environment, ecosystems and agricultural production. Often misused to describe water shortages in a single or successive years caused by inadequate assessment of water resources and poor planning of their use. | gan han | 干旱 | 长期的、连续数年降水明显少于平均水平，造成缺水，给水环境、生态系统和农业生产带来严重影响。常常被错误地用来说明由于水资源评价和水资源利用规划的不当所造成的某一年或者连续数年发生的缺水。 |
drought management | Plans and actions taken to alleviate the negative impacts of drought or temporary water shortages, including restrictions on water use, reduction of water allocations to low value uses, emergency water supply arrangements, and other emergency relief | gan han guan li | 干旱管理 | 为缓解干旱或者临时性缺水的负面影响而编制的计划和采取的行动，包括限制用水、削减低价值用途的分配水量、应急供水措施和其它紧急救助措施。 |
earth summit | Meetings of world leaders at Rio de Janeiro (1992) and Johannesburg (2002) to discuss environment and development | quan qiu feng hui | 全球峰会 | 1992年在里约热内卢、2002年在约翰内斯堡召开的讨论环境和发展问题的世界首脑会议。 |
ecologically sustainable development | See sustainable development | sheng tai ke chi xu fa zhan | 生态可持续发展 | 见可持续发展。 |
ecology | The relationships between living organisms and their environment, or the study of such relationships | sheng tai; sheng tai xue | 生态；生态学 | 生物与其环境的关系，或者关于这种关系的学科。 |
economic efficiency | The efficiency of an investment in a water project seen in government perspective, i.e. measured by its Economic Internal Rate of Return which is calculated as the average annual profit over the life-time of the investment, using prices that exclude government duties, taxes and subsidies. | jing ji xiao lü | 经济效率 | 从政府的角度来看水利项目投资的效率，即以经济内部回收率来衡量的效率。经济内部回收率以根据不包括政府关税、税收和补贴的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润来表示。 |
economic good | The Dublin Statement advocates that water should be considered an economic good, i.e. a commodity that can be traded through markets and be assigned a value in all its uses in order to rank its allocation for different uses. See also social good. | jing ji wu pin, jing ji shang pin, you jia wu pin | 经济物品，经济商品，有价物品 | 都柏林宣言提出应当把水看成经济物品，即能够通过市场交易的商品，能够对它的所有用途赋予价值，以对不同用途之间的水分配进行排序。见社会物品。 |
social good | Water is considered a social good when it is used for social purposes and delivered for free or at a price below the production and distribution costs made possible by government subsidy or cross-subsidisation, e.g. the basic needs of water for health and hygiene of poor households or irrigation projects in remote areas to create employment opportunities and support poverty alleviation | she hui wu pin | 社会物品 | 当水用于社会目的并免费提供，或者在政府提供补贴或有横向补贴的情况下以低于生产和分配成本的价格提供时，就把它看成社会物品，例如用于满足贫困家庭健康和个人卫生的基本需水或者偏远地区灌溉工程需水以创造就业机会和帮助扶贫。 |
economic instruments | Means of controlling the demand for a product such as water by use of pricing mechanisms, including water charges, progressive tariffs, water resource fees or other financial incentives and/or disincentives | jing ji shou duan | 经济手段 | 利用价格机制来控制象对水这样的产品的需求的方法，包括水费、阶梯水价、水资源费或者其它经济措施。 |
economic level of leakage | The financially optimal level of leakage where the marginal cost of active leakage control equals the marginal cost of water losses. It is financially attractive for a water company to reduce leakage to the economic level but not below that level. Government can influence the level through water resource fees on the abstracted amount of water | jing ji shen lou shui ping | 经济渗漏水平 | 在财务上最佳的渗漏水平，在这个水平上积极渗漏控制的边际成本等于水损的边际成本。对供水公司来说将渗漏降低、但不低于这个水平在财务上是有吸引力的。政府可以通过根据取水数量收取水资源费来影响这个水平。 |
ecosphere | All the ecosystems on Earth, along with their interactions; the sphere of air, water, and land in which all life is found | sheng tai quan, sheng tai ceng, sheng wu yu | 生态圈，生态层，生物域 | 地球上所有相互作用的生态系统；所有生命赖以存在的大气、水和土地圈。 |
ecosystem | A complex system formed by the interaction of living organisms with their environment | sheng tai xi tong, sheng tai xi | 生态系统，生态系 | 生物与其环境相互作用形成的复杂系统。 |
effluent | Wastewater - treated or untreated - that is discharged from drains, sewers, wastewater treatment plants or industrial outfalls into surface waters | wu shui, fei shui | 污水，废水 | 处理过或者未经处理、从排水沟、下水道、污水处理厂或者工厂排水口排入地表水体的污水。 |
emerging issue | An issue that is likely to develop into a problem in the near future, but not yet warrants action | zheng zai chu xian de wen ti | 正在出现的问题 | 可能会在近期成为难题的问题，但是尚不需要对它采取行动。 |
end-user | Water user at the end of the distributioin network, e.g. domestic, commercial, institutional, industrial or governmental consumer | zhong duan yong shui hu | 终端用水户 | 位于配水管网终端的用水户，例如居民、商业、机构、工业或者政府用水户。 |
El Nino | Cyclic changes in the ocean currents and atmosphere over the South Pacific Ocean that at intervals of approximately 7 years bring above average rainfall to SE Asia and Southern China and below average rainfall to Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia | el nino xian xiang | 厄尔尼诺现象 | 南太平洋海洋潮流和大气的周期变化，大约7年发生一次，使得东南亚和中国南方的降水超过平均值，印度尼西亚、新几内亚和澳大利亚的降水少于平均值。 |
environment | The sum of all external conditions affecting life. Encompasses the natural environment (biological and physical) and the human environment (social, cultural and economic). Also used to describe the external conditions affecting an institution. | huan jing | 环境 | 影响生命的所有外部条件总和。包括自然环境（生物和物理环境）及人类环境（社会、文化和经济）。也用于描述影响一个机构的外部条件。 |
environmental costs | The negative impacts of a project on the natural environment that are difficult to quantify and compensate for in economic terms | huan jing fei yong, huan jing cheng ben, huan bao fei yong | 环境费用，环境成本，环保费用 | 项目对自然环境造成的难以用经济价值定量和补偿的负面影响。 |
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) | Thorough and systematic process to identify, describe and assess the environmental impacts of a project or programme and the possible actions to avoid, reduce or otherwise mitigate the negative impacts. Increasingly used as decision support tool for infrastructure projects. | huan jing ying xiang ping jia | 环境影响评价 | 详尽而系统地确定、描述和评估项目或计划的环境影响，以及为避免、减少或者以其它方式缓解其负面影响可采取行动的过程。越来越多地用作基础设施项目的决策支持手段。 |
Social Impact Assessment (SIA) | Thorough and systematic process to identify, describe and assess the social impacts of a project or programme and the possible actions to avoid, reduce or otherwise mitigate the negative impacts. Increasingly used as decision support tool for infrastructure projects. | she hui ying xiang ping jia | 社会影响评价 | 详尽而系统地确定、描述和评估项目或计划的社会影响以及为避免、减少或以其它方式缓解其负面影响可采取行动的过程。越来越多地用作基础设施项目的决策支持手段。 |
equality n. | The state of being equal; of same quality, rank or value. Equality among water users means that all users have access to water resources or water supply on the same conditions, e.g. the same price for the same service | ping deng | 平等 | 相等的状态；具有相同质量、档次或者价值的状态。用水户之间的平等意味着他们在相同条件下享有水资源或者供水，例如对于同样的服务支付同样的价格。 |
equitable adj. | Fair, unbiased, objectice, e.g. equitable access to water resources or water supply gives all water users access to the basic needs of water at an affordable price | gong ping de, gong zheng de, gong ping he li de | 公平的，公正的，公平合理的 | 公正、不偏向、无偏见的，例如水资源或者供水的公平分享是使所有用水户的基本需水都能够以他们有能力支付的价格得到满足。 |
equity n. | Share capital which gives each shareholder rights to company assets and earnings in proportion to the nominal value of the shares | gu piao, gu ben | 股票，股本， | 使各股东按照股票票面价值的比例对公司资产和收入享有权利的股份资本。 |
existing users | All water users who are connected to an existing water distribution network | xian you yong hu | 现有用户 | 现有配水管网连接的所有用水户。 |
exploitation | The beneficial use of water or other natural resources | kai cai, cai jue, kai fa | 开采，采掘，开发 | 水或其它自然资源的有益利用。 |
externality costs | The costs that the activities of an individual or organisation imposes on others not benefiting from the activity, or less commonly the benefits derived by others from activities they do not contribute to; can be economic, environmental or social | wai bu fei yong | 外部费用 | 个人或组织的活动使未从该活动中获益的他人或组织承担的费用，或者在较少的情况下，指其他人从他们未作出贡献的活动中获得的效益；可以是经济的、环境的或社会的。 |
economic externalities | Externality costs that can be measured in economic terms, e.g. the costs for treatment of domestic water that upstream water users impose on downstram water users by discharge of polluted wastewater | jing ji wai bu xing | 经济外部性 | 能够以经济价值衡量的外部费用，例如由于上游用水户排放污染废水，下游用水户不得不对生活用水进行处理而发生的费用。 |
environmental externalities | Environmental impacts that cannot be quantified and fully compensated in economic terms, e.g. the negative impact that discharge of polluted wastewater has on the ecology of the receiving waters | huan jing wai bu xing | 环境外部性 | 不能以经济价值定量并充分补偿的环境影响，例如污染废水的排放对于纳污水体生态的负面影响。 |
social externalities | Social impacts that cannot be quantified and fully compensated in economic terms, e.g. the negative impacts on public health from discharge and reuse of polluted wastewater | she hui wai bu xing | 社会外部性 | 不能以经济价值定量并充分补偿的社会影响，例如污染废水的排放和回用对公众健康造成的负面影响。 |
opportunity costs | The value of production or social benefits that are foregone or pre-empted when a scarce resource such as water is allocated or used for low rather than high value purposes | ji hui cheng ben | 机会成本 | 诸如水资源之类的稀缺资源被分配于或者用于低价值而非高价值的用途而放弃的生产价值或者社会效益。 |
value of water | The value that water has to different users; can be economic, e.g. the marginal or added value that the use of water has in industrial or agricultural production, or social, e.g. the value that the use of water to improve health and hygiene has to domestic users | shui de jia zhi | 水的价值 | 水对于不同用户的价值；可以为经济价值，例如工农业用水产生的增加值，或者为社会价值，例如用于改善健康、卫生的用水对家庭用户的价值。 |
extraction | See abstraction | qu shui | 取水 | 参看abstraction。 |
falkenmark indicator | Indicator on renewable water resources measured as volume per capita per year; used to describe the level of water scarcity or water stress which typically occurs when the indicator is below 1,700 m3/capita/year and is said to be severe when it falls below 1,000 m3/capita/year | falkenmark zhi biao | 富肯马克指标 | 按照年人均水量计算的可更新水资源指标，用于说明水资源短缺或者紧张的程度，通常当该指标低于1700立方米/人/年时，表示水资源紧张，低于1000立方米/人/年时表示严重紧张。 |
fixed charge | The portion of a water bill that does not vary with water consumption | gu ding shui fei | 固定水费 | 水费帐单中不随用水量变化的部分。 |
fixed costs | Costs associated with production and delivery of water that do not vary with the amount of water produced or sold | gu ding cheng ben, gu ding fei yong | 固定成本，固定费用 | 不随产水量或售水量而变化的水的生产与供水服务成本。 |
floodplain | The flat or nearly flat land along a river or stream or in a tidal area that is covered by water during flooding | he man tan, man tan, fan hong ping yuan | 河漫滩，漫滩，泛洪平原 | 沿河或者位于潮间区的平坦土地或者近乎平坦的土地，在发生洪水时被淹没。 |
flush controllers | Sensors that can be installed on urinals to prevent flushing when they are not being used | chong shui kong zhi qi | 冲水控制器 | 可安装在小便池上防止不用时冲水的传感装置。 |
activity | Action or concrete work carried out to produce or contribute to a specific output of a project | huo dong | 活动 | 为了得到项目的特定产出或者为之作出贡献的行动或者具体工作。 |
assumption | Condition or decision which is necessary for successful implementation of a project, but largely or wholly beyond the control of the project management, used in Logical Framework Approach | jia she | 假设 | 为成功地实施项目所需要的条件或者决定，但是在很大程度上或者完全不在项目管理者的控制范围内，用于逻辑框架方法中。 |
development objective | Used in Logical Framework Approach to describe the broad or long-term changes or impacts that a project or programme will contribute to. Also called goal. | fa zhan mu biao | 发展目标 | 在逻辑框架方法中用于描述项目或者计划将为之作出贡献的广泛或长期的变化或影响。也称为长期目标。 |
goal | The broad or long-term changes or impacts that a project or programme will contribute to. The highest level objective, also called development objective in a Logical Framework. | chang qi mu biao | 长期目标 | 项目或者计划将为之作出贡献的广泛或者长期的变化或影响。是最高层次的目标，在逻辑框架中也称为发展目标。 |
immediate objectives | Used in Logical Framework Approach to describe the immediate and concrete results that a project or programme has been designed to achieve. Also called purpose. | jin qi mu biao | 近期目标 | 在逻辑框架方法中用于描述计划或者项目设计提出要实现的近期具体成果。在英语中也称为purpose。 |
input | The funds, personnel, materials and equipment that are necessary for a project to produce its outputs | tou ru | 投入 | 项目为实现其产出所需要的资金、人员、材料和设备。 |
logical framework | Summary of a project design, i.e. its goal, purpose, outputs, inputs, indicators, assumptions and risks systematically arranged in a matrix reflecting their hierarchy and mutual relations, also called project matrix | luo ji kuang jia | 逻辑框架 | 项目设计的概要，将长期目标、近期目标、产出、投入、指标、假定和风险以矩阵的形式系统地加以排列，以反映它们之间的层次与相互关系。也称为项目矩阵。 |
Logical Framework Approach (LFA) | Management tool used in identification, planning, implementation and evaluation of a project. LFA describes a project in terms of its goal, purpose, outputs, activities, inputs, risks and assumptions as well as objectively verifiable indicators to measure its success. | luo ji kuang jia fang fa | 逻辑框架方法 | 用于项目的确定、设计、实施和评价的管理方法。该方法以项目的长期目标、近期目标、产出、活动、投入、风险、假设和衡量项目成就的可客观验证指标描述项目。 |
objective | A more specific statement than a goal describing the changes or impacts that a project or programme will contribute to or achieve. In the Logical Framework Approach development objective is often used synonymously with goal for the long term changes, while immediate objective may be used synonymously with purpose for the intermediate steps towards a goal. | mu biao | 目标 | 对项目或者计划将为之作出贡献或者将实现的变化或影响所做的描述，与“goal”相比较为具体。在逻辑框架方法中，常常把“发展目标”作为描述长期变化的“goal”的同义词，而“近期目标”可作为描述实现长期目标过程中所经过步骤的“purpose”的同义词。 |
output | The results that a project is designed to produce and guaranteed the necessary inputs for | chan chu | 产出 | 项目设计规定要实现的结果，为此要保证项目得到必要的投入。 |
output indicator | Indicator which tracks whether project outputs are produced on time and in the expected quantity and quality | chan chu zhi biao | 产出指标 | 用于跟踪项目是否按时并按照预期的数量和质量提供产出的指标。 |
project matrix | Summary of a project design systematically describing and arranging all key elements, factors and consequences of successful project implementation and their mutual relations in a logical framework, i.e. goal, purpose, outputs, inputs, indicators, assumptions and risks | xiang mu ju zhen | 项目矩阵 | 项目设计的概要，以逻辑框架形式系统地描述、排列项目成功实施所涉及的所有关键要素、结果以及它们相互之间的关系，包括长期目标、近期目标、产出、投入、指标、假设和风险。 |
purpose | The immediate and concrete results that a project or programme has been designed to achieve. Also called immediate objective in the Logical Framework Approach | jin qi mu biao, mu di, yi tu | 近期目标，目的，意图 | 项目或者计划的设计提出要实现的近期具体成果。在逻辑框架方法中也以英语称为immediate objective。 |
function | The basic role of a an organisation or of a unit or department within an organisation, e.g. planning, management, marketing, production, billing and collection, accounting, operation and maintenance, etc. | zhi neng | 职能 | 组织或者组织内部的单位或部门的基本功能，例如计划、管理、营销、生产、计费和收费、会计、运行与维护等。 |
governance | The manner or function of governing and exercising authority. Generally used to include electoral and legislative systems, justice and public administration, capacity to deliver basic services and protect natural resources | zhi li, shi zheng, guan xia | 治理，施政，管辖 | 行使统治与权力的方式或者职能。通常包括选举制度和法律制度、司法和公共管理、提供基本服务和保护自然资源的能力等。 |
HRD | Human Resources Development | 人力资源开发的缩写 | ||
Human Development Index (HDI) | A composite indicator which combines health, education and living standard. HDI is calculated from the life expectancy, literacy, school enrolment and GDP and is published annually by UNDP in Human Development Report. | ren lei fa zhan zhi shu | 人类发展指数 | 包括健康、教育和生活标准因素在内的复合指标。根据预期寿命、识字率、入学率和国内生产总值进行计算，并且由联合国开发计划署在其《人类发展报告》中按年度发布。 |
human resources development (HRD) | Process to bring the skills of staff in line with new requirements to the organisation they work in | ren li zi yuan kai fa | 人力资源开发 | 根据对组织机构的新要求提高其职员技能的过程。 |
institution | Organisation or individual agency with a specific structure and hierarchy of authority, a formal allocation of responsibilities and tasks, and operating under a set of values and interests which define the way it presents itself to the world. Used in the water sector for an agency involved in the planning, management or use of water resources or in the delivery of water services. | ji gou, shi ye dan wei, yuan xiao, yuan suo, zhi du | 机构，事业单位，院校，院所，制度 | 组织或者独立单位，它具有特定结构和权力层次，对责任和任务有正式的分工，按照它向社会承诺的价值标准和工作领域进行运作。在水行业中指与水资源规划、管理、利用或者水利服务有关的单位 |
institutional arrangement | The legislation and regulations that govern and influence the behaviour and interaction of different institutions within a sector | ji gou an pai | 机构安排 | 支配、影响一个行业中不同机构的行为和相互关系的法律与规则。 |
institutional assessment | Analysis of a country’s government structure, the institutional arrangements of specific sectors, or the formal and informal functioning of an individual organization. The result of a strategic institutional assessment would be a proposal for a statute describing the vision, mandate and responsibility of the institution. | ji gou ping jia | 机构评价 | 对一个国家的政府结构、特定行业的机构安排或者单个组织的正式与非正式作用进行分析。战略性机构评价的结果将对包括展望、职权和责任等内容在内的机构章程提出建议。 |
institutional change | The strengthening or development of an institution to meet new demands or responsibilities | ji gou bian hua, ji gou zhuan bian | 机构变化，机构转变 | 为了满足新的需求或承担新的责任加强或者发展一个机构。 |
institutional development | Supporting a sector or organization to improve its external effectiveness, i.e. its role and function in relation to other organisations and the public. Comprises both direct support to the organisation and building of the capacity of the organisation to plan, implement, and manage its own change programme. | ji gou fa zhan | 机构发展 | 支持一个行业或者组织改善其外部效能，即与其它组织和公众有关的职能。包括对该组织以及该组织设计、执行和管理自身改革计划的能力建设提供直接帮助。 |
institutional strengthening | See organisational strengthening | ji gou jia qiang | 机构加强 | 见组织加强。 |
institutional structure | The hierarchy of institutions within or between sectors and the rules and regulations that govern the division of authority, responsibly and functions between them and their internal communication | ti zhi jie gou, ji gou she zhi | 体制结构，机构设置 | 行业内或者行业间机构的层次以及支配机构之间权力、责任与职能分工以及内部交流的规则。 |
mission | A concise statement describing the goal or purpose of an organization | shi ming, ren wu | 使命，任务 | 对组织的长期目标或者近期目标的简明陈述。 |
organisational strengthening | Supporting an organisation to improve its internal efficiency by restructuring, updating and modernisation of internal working procedures, modernising equipment and corresponding adjustments of staffing | zu zhi jia qiang | 组织加强 | 支持一个组织通过内部工作程序的重组、改进和现代化、更新设备和对人员进行相应调整来提高其内部效率。 |
organizational structure | The distribution of functions, activities, processes and responsibilities within an organization, where function refers to the basic role of each unit or department, e.g. administration, accounting, operation and maintenance, etc., activities are subsets of functions, e.g. individual jobs or tasks, processes refer to the ways in which functions and tasks are strung together within the organization, and responsibilities refer to the authority vested in individuals and the lines of accountability that exist in an organization | zu zhi jie gou | 组织结构 | 一个组织内部的职能、活动、程序和责任的分配。在这里“职能”指各个单位或者部门的基本功能，例如行政管理、会计、运行与维护等；“活动”指职能的组成部分，例如独立的工作任务；“程序”指在组织内部各项职能和任务安排的顺序；“责任”指授予个人的权力以及组织内的各种绩效责任。 |
board of directors | A committee comprising the director(s) and other leaders of an organisation or company supporting the managing director or chief executive in the daily management of the company | dong shi hui | 董事会 | 由董事和其他领导人组成的组织或者公司的委员会，为组织或公司的总经理或者首席执行官进行公司的日常管理提供支持。 |
international best practice | Work practices in a particular field that among sector professional are recognized widely as being the best in the world at the present time | guo ji zui jia fang fa | 国际最佳方法 | 在一个特定领域里被行业专业人员广泛认为是当代世界上最佳的工作方法。 |
manage vb. | Systematic decision making, allocation of resources, supervision of work and monitoring of progress within a sector or an organisation in order to achieve agreed goals or objectives | guan li | 管理（动词） | 在一个行业或者组织内系统地进行决策、资源分配、工作监督和进展监测，以实现议定的目标。 |
management board | An elected or appointed committee which decides on the goals and objectives of an organisation or company, approves the plans and budgets prepared by the director or board or directors and monitors the performance | guan li wei yuan hui | 管理委员会 | 选举产生或者任命组成的委员会，负责确定组织或者公司的目标，批准经理或者董事会提出的计划和预算，对绩效进行监督。 |
management n. | The members, mainly the leaders, of the administration of an organisation or company | guan li ceng | 管理层 | 组织或者公司的管理部门成员，主要是领导成员。 |
marginal cost | The cost of producing and supplying an additional unit of water, including both the extra operational costs and any capital costs to invest in extra production capacity | bian ji cheng ben | 边际成本 | 多生产和供应一个单位水量的成本，包括增加的运行成本和任何为增加生产能力所进行的资本投资。 |
marginal-cost pricing | A method of water tariff design where prices reflect the costs associated with producing the next increment of supply, thus taking account of future expansions of the water supply system | bian ji cheng ben ding jia | 边际成本定价 | 反映供水增量生产成本从而考虑了供水系统未来扩展的水价设计方法。 |
µg/l | microgrammes per litre, used to measure the concentration of dissolved substances, approximately equal to ppb | wei ke sheng | 微克/升 | 用于度量溶解物质浓度的指标，近似于十亿分之一。 |
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) | The amount of oxygen consumed in the biological processes that break down organic matter in water. An important indicator on the degree of organic pollution. BOD5 is measured by reaction between water and an oxidising compound over a period 5 days, hence the suffix 5, in order to allow for total breakdown or organic matter. | sheng hua xu yang liang, sheng hua hao yang liang | 生化需氧量(BOD5)，生化耗氧量 | 在水中将有机物分解的生物过程的耗氧量。是反映有机污染程度的一个重要指标。生化需氧量(BOD5)是以在5天内使有机物完全分解的水和某种氧化剂之间的反应衡量的，因此其英语缩写以5为下标。 |
BOD5 | Biochemical Oxygen Demand | 生化需氧量的缩写 | ||
coliform bacteria | A group of relatively harmless microorganisms that live in large numbers in the intestines of humans and animals . A specific subgroup is the faecal coliforms whose presence in aquatic environments indicates that the water has been polluted by faecal material | da chang jun, da chang xing xi jun, da chang gan jun | 大肠菌,大肠型细菌，大肠杆菌 | 一类相对无害、大量生存在于人和动物肠内的微生物。其中一种为粪便大肠菌，在水环境中发现这种菌就表明水受到了粪便的污染。 |
dissolved oxygen (DO) | The amount of oxygen dissolved in surface water and freely available to fish and other aquatic life or for oxidation of decaying organic matter or gasses released from such decay. The DO level is considered the most important indicator of a water body’s ability to support desirable aquatic life. | rong jie yang | 溶解氧 | 溶解于地表水中并能够直接地供鱼类和其它水生生物使用，或者为腐烂的有机物或腐烂释放气体的氧化所利用的氧气数量。溶解氧水平被认为是衡量水体支持良好水生生命的能力的最重要指标。 |
Escherichia coli (E.coli) | Type of coliform bacteria used as indicator of faecal pollution of water | da chang gan jun | 大肠杆菌 | 一种用作水的粪便污染指标的大肠菌。 |
faecal coliforms | A subgroup of coliform bacteria whose presence in water is an indicator of pollution by human or animal faeces | fen bian da chang jun | 粪便大肠菌 | 大肠菌的一种，水中含有这种细菌表明它受到人类或者动物粪便污染。 |
mg/l | milligrammes per litre, used to measure the concentration of dissolved substances, approximately equal to ppm | hao ke sheng | 毫克/升 | 测量溶解物质浓度的指标，近似于百万分之一。 |
ppb | parts per billion, used to measure concentrations of trace elements in solids or solutions | shi yi fen zhi yi | 十亿分之一 | 测量固体或者溶液中微量元素的浓度的指标。 |
ppm | parts per million, used to measure concentrations of trace elements in solids or solutions | bai wan fen zhi yi | 百万分之一 | 用于测量固体或者溶液中微量元素的浓度的指标。 |
discounting | Calculation method to convert future benefits, expenditure or investment costs into their equivalent present day value, calculated by deduction of the average interest that present day capital could earn in the period up to the time when the actual expenditure is incurred | zhe xian | 折现 | 将未来的效益、支出或者投资费用折算成现值，其计算方法是扣除现在的资金在实际支出发生之日以前的时期里能够获得的平均利息。 |
incremental cost | The additional cost per unit of water that is required to increase production by a small amount, e.g. 1%. The cost includes both the increase in direct production costs and the capital costs of investment in additional production capacity. See marginal cost. | cheng ben zeng liang, zeng liang cheng ben, bian ji cheng ben | 成本增量，增量成本，边际成本 | 小幅度（例如1%）增加产水量所需要的单位水量成本增量。该成本增量包括直接生产成本的增加值以及提高生产能力所需要的基建投资费用。见边际成本。 |
long run marginal cost | The additional costs associated with supplying larger volumes of water, including both the additional production costs and the capital costs of the investment needed to expand the production system | chang qi bian ji cheng ben | 长期边际成本 | 扩大供水量产生的成本增量，包括生产成本增量和扩大生产系统所需要的基建投资费用。 |
net benefits | The numerical difference between total benefits and total costs, both of which must be expressed in the same unit (usually dollars). See cost-effectiveness. | jing xiao yi | 净效益 | 总效益与总成本的数值差额，两者必须都使用相同的单位（通常用元）。见成本有效。 |
net present cost | The sum of present and future expenditures discounted to their present value | fei yong jing xian zhi | 费用净现值 | 当前和未来费用的现值总和。 |
net present value | The present value of total benefits less the value of total costs both discounted to their present value | jing xian zhi | 净现值 | 总效益的现值减去总成本的现值。 |
present value | Future expenditures expressed in terms of present values by adjusting for the time value of money using a discount rate that is based on financing costs | xian zhi | 现值 | 利用以投资成本为依据确定的折现率将未来的支出折算为当前的货币价值以反映资金的时间价值。 |
Gini coefficient | Indicator on income inequality ranging from zero (no inequality) to one (maximum inequality). Measured graphically using a Lorenz diagram, where it is calculated as the ratio of the area between the line of equal income distribution and the curve of actual income distribution to the total area below the line of equal income distribution. | gi ni xi shu | 基尼系数，吉尼系数 | 反映收入不平等的指数，其数值范围从0（没有不平等）至1（最大的不平等）。利用洛伦兹图以图解法求得，为同等收入分布线和实际收入分布曲线之间的面积与同等收入分布线以下总面积之比。 |
Lorenz curve | A Lorenz curve can be used to illustrate the inequality of the income distribution within a population. The curve is constructed by plotting the cumulative income of the population against the cumulative percentage of the population having incomes equal to or lower than a given value. The deviation of the curve from a straight line is a measure of the income inequality and may be expressed as the Gini coefficient. | lorenz qu xian | 洛伦兹曲线 | 洛伦兹曲线可以用来说明人口中收入分配的不平等。以人口累计收入与收入等于或低于某一特定值的人口累计百分比为坐标点绘曲线。该曲线与直线的偏差为收入不平等的衡量标准，可以表示成用基尼系数。 |
Lorenz diagram | Diagram of Lorenz curves used to show or compare the inequality of the income distribution within or between populations or its change with time. The area between the line of equal income distribution and the Lorenz curve is a measure of the inequality of the income distribution, and the ratio of its size to the total area below the line of equal income distribution is the Gini coefficient. | lorenz tu | 洛伦兹图 | 用于说明或者比较人口中或者不同人口之间收入不平等或收入不平等随时间变化的洛伦兹曲线图。在同等收入分布线和洛伦兹曲线之间的面积为收入分配不平等的衡量标准，它与同等收入分布线下方的面积之比就是基尼系数。 |
incentive charging | Water fees or charges designed to give customers an economic incentive to achieve a specific objective, for example an increasing block tariff to reduce water consumption | ji li xing shou fei | 激励性收费 | 为达到特定目的为消费者提供经济奖励的水费制度，例如：采用递增阶梯水价减少用水量。 |
increasing block tariff | A pricing structure for water supply with step-wise increase of the price per unit water from one block to the next. Commonly used reduce overall water consumption and enable supply of the basic needs of domestic water to poor households, e.g. 0 – 6 m3/month, at an affordable price. | di zeng jie ti shui jia | 递增阶梯水价 | 单位水价随用水量的逐段递增而增加的水价结构。通常用于降低用水总量，以贫困家庭有能力支付的价格向他们提供基本生活用水，例如0-6立方米/月这一范围的用水。 |
uniform rate | A water tariff with the same price per unit water irrespective of the amount of water used | tong yi shui jia, gu ding shui fei, bao jia shui fei | 统一水价，固定水费，包价水费 | 单位水价不随用水量的大小而变化的水价结构。 |
flat fee | A water tariff with the same price per unit water irrespective of the amount of water used | tong yi shui fei, gu ding shui fei, bao jia shui fei | 统一水费，固定税费，包价水费 | 单位水价不随用水量的大小而变化的水价结构。 |
headworks | Hydraulic works for abstraction or diversion of water to an irrigation system, e.g. a weir, dam or pumping station | qu shou | 渠首 | 为灌溉系统取水或引水的水利工程，例如堰、坝或者泵站。 |
hydraulic works | Works specifically constructed to regulate the flow of water in space and time, include dams, weirs, canals, channels, pumping stations, sluices, etc. | shui li gong cheng | 水利工程 | 专门为调节水流的时空分布而建设的工程，包括水坝、堰、运河、沟渠、泵站、水闸等。 |
primary canals | Irrigation canals conveying water from a headwork to secondary canals | gan qu | 干渠 | 将水从渠首输往支渠的灌溉渠道。 |
secondary canals | Irrigation canals conveying water from primary canals to off-takes for individual irrigation scheme | zhi qu | 支渠 | 将水从干渠输往各个灌片进水口的灌溉渠道。 |
tertiary canals | Irrigation canals and ditches distributing water to individual fields | dou qu | 斗渠 | 将水分配到各个地块的灌溉渠道。 |
full-cost pricing | Pricing for a water service (e.g. water supply, wastewater or drainage) that is designed to recover all the costs of providing that service from users. Full costs can be defined in financial or economic terms. Financial costs include capital investment, interest payments, operating and management expenses, costs of maintaining and replacing capital facilities, and any fees imposed by regulatory authorities. Economic costs differ from financial costs by recognizing opportunity costs and externalities. | quan cheng ben ding jia, quan e cheng ben ding jia | 全成本定价，全额成本定价 | 旨在从消费者回收全部服务成本的水务服务（例如供水、污水和排水服务）定价方法。全成本的定义可以采用财务定义或者经济定义。财务成本包括基建投资、利息支付、运行管理费、固定设施的维护更新费用以及监管部门收取的任何费用。经济成本与财务成本不同在于它考虑机会成本与外部性。 |
affirmative action | Decisions and activities which give preference to a particular group of people, often women, e.g. the reservation of a number of seats in parliament for women or the mandatory inclusion of women in community-based water management committees | you dai cuo shi, fan qi shi cuo shi | 优待措施，反歧视措施 | 给予特定群体（常常是妇女）优惠待遇的决定和行动，例如在议会中为妇女保留一定的席位或者在法令中规定社区水管理委员会中要包括妇女等。 |
Appraisal | Assessment of the relevance, feasibility and sustainability of a project used as basis for a decision whether or not to go ahead with implementation of the project | ping gu, ping jia, jian ding | 评估，评价，鉴定 | 对项目的相关性、可行性和可持续性进行评估，作为决定是否继续执行项目的依据。 |
beneficiaries | The people or institutions who directly or indirectly benefit from a project | shou yi zhe | 受益者 | 直接或者间接从项目获益的人或者机构。 |
blueprint | Technical design drawing reproduced by an obsolete photoprinting technique, commonly used to describe plans that prescribe a specific and inflexible development | lan tu, xiang jin ji hua | 蓝图，详尽计划 | 采用已经过时的影印技术复制的技术设计图纸，通常用于描述内容具体、不可变更的开发计划。 |
Brundtland Report | The report “Our Common Future” issued in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development. Often called the Brundtland report after the chairperson of the commission, the then Prime Minister of Norway, Ms. Gro Harlem Brundtland. The report is one of the key environmental documents of the 20th century representing the preliminary culmination of a growing global awareness of the environmental problems facing the Earth and the need for action. | brundtland bao gao | 布伦特兰报告 | 即1987年由世界环境与发展委员会发表的《我们共同的未来》报告。由于该委员会主席为当时的挪威首相G. H. 布伦特兰夫人，该报告常常被称为布伦特兰报告。该报告是20世纪关键的环境文件之一，代表全世界对地球面临的环境问题以及需要采取的行动认识不断提高，到达第一个顶点。 |
civil works | Constructions that serve civil society, e.g. dams, water supply systems, sewers systems, irrigation headworks, electricity distribution systems, etc. | tu jia gong cheng, min yong gong cheng | 土建工程，民用工程 | 为公民社会提供服务的工程，例如水坝、供水系统、污水系统、灌溉渠首、配电系统等。 |
compliance monitoring | Indicator to monitor whether relevant project or government procedures, rules and regulations are being followed and achieve the desired results | he gui jian ce | 合规监测 | 监测有关的计划或者政府的程序、规则、制度是否得到了遵守并得到预期的结果。 |
effectiveness | A measure of the extent to which a project or programme achieves its purpose and goal | xiao guo | 效果 | 用于评价项目或者计划实现其近期、长期目标程度的一种衡量标准。 |
efficiency | The productivity of project implementation measured as the unit costs of producing specific outputs compared with similar projects or best practices. Used in project evaluation. | xiao lü | 效率 | 项目实施的生产率，以特定产出的单位成本与类似项目或者先进方法相比较来衡量。在项目评价中使用。 |
environmental flow | The flow within a stream that is necessary to maintain a well functioning aquatic habitat and ecology, expressed as a percentage of the original mean annual flow. It is generally agreed that 40% of the original flow is required to maintain “good” habitat conditions, while 30% is “fair” and 10% or less is “poor”. | huan jing liu liang | 环境流量 | 为使水生生境与生态维持良好功能河流必需的流量，以原有的平均年流量的百分比表示。一般认为为了维持“良好”的生境条件，需要保持原来流量的40%，而30%代表“中等”，10%代表“不良”。 |
evaluation | Systematic assessment of the performance of a programme or project comprising its efficiency, effectiveness, impact, sustainability and relevance | ping jia | 评价 | 系统地评估计划或者项目的绩效，包括效率、效果、影响、可持续性和相关性。 |
evapotranspiration | Evaporation from plants and crops | zheng fa zheng teng, teng fa | 蒸发蒸腾，腾发 | 植物与农作物的蒸发。 |
framework plan | A national, river basin or other high level plan which forms the basis for more detailed plans for individual sectors, subsectors, sub-basins, and so on, that must be consistent with the framework plan, e.g. the Strategic Plan for National Water Resources and Comprehensive Plans for River Basins to be prepared according to the 2002 Water Law | kuang jia gui hua | 框架规划 | 国家、流域或者其它种类的高级别规划，为各个行业、子行业、子流域等比较详细的规划提供依据，后者必须与框架规划保持一致。例如，2002年《水法》规定的全国水资源战略规划和流域综合规划都属于框架规划。 |
fundamental dataset | Original data obtained directly by observation and measurement | yuan shi shu ju ji | 原始数据集 | 通过观测、测量直接获得的原始数据。 |
gender mainstreaming | Incorporation of gender perspectives into water resource management strategies | she hui xing bie zhu liu hua | 社会性别主流化 | 在水资源管理战略中引入社会性别观点。 |
global warming | The warming of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans attributed to human activities, including the impact from burning of fossil fuels and the emission of gasses that contribute to the greenhouse effect. | quan qiu bian nuan | 全球变暖 | 地球上的大气和海洋由于人类活动变暖，包括燃烧矿物燃料和温室效应气体排放的影响。 |
Global Water Partnership | An international network established in 1996, open to all organizations involved in water resource management, created in response to the agreement in Agenda 21 to promote integrated water resource management at field level | quan qiu shui huo ban | 全球水伙伴 | 于1996年成立的国际网络组织，对参与水资源管理的所有组织开放，成立的目的是响应在《21世纪议程》中达成的共识推动实际的水资源统一管理。 |
grant aid | A transfer payment usually from one government to another, i.e. technical assistance and funds that do not have to be repaid | zeng kuan yuan zhu | 赠款援助 | 通常为政府之间的转移支付,即不需要偿还的技术援助与资金。 |
Greenhouse Effect | Heating of the Earth's atmosphere caused by preferential reflection of infrared radiation from clouds and gasses in the atmosphere that slows down the loss of heat from the Earth. Increased emission of gasses, such as carbondioxide and methane, from human activities are enhancing the Greenhouse Effect and causing global warming. | wen shi xiao ying | 温室效应 | 由于云层和大气中的气体对红外线辐射的反射减缓了地球热量损失导致地球大气温度升高。人类活动排放的二氧化碳和甲烷等气体的增长正在强化温室效应并导致全球变暖。 |
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The total monetary value calculated at market prices of all goods and services produced in an economy over one year | guo nei sheng chan zong zhi | 国内生产总值 | 一个经济体在一年中提供的所有产品和服务以市场价格计算的总货币价值。 |
groundwater | Water occurring in the pores, voids and fractures of soils, sediments or rocks and saturating all open space | di xia shui | 地下水 | 土壤、泥沙或者岩层的孔隙、裂缝中包含的、充满所有开敞空间的水。 |
groundwater recharge | Rain or surface water that infiltrates the soil and percolates through the unsaturated zone to become groundwater | di xia shui bu ji, di xia shui hui bu | 地下水补给，地下水回补 | 降水或者地表水渗入土壤并通过不饱和带成为地下水。 |
headcount | The number of people with an identified characteristic e.g. living below the poverty line | zong ren shu | 总人数 | 具有一致特征（例如生活贫困线以下）的群体的人数。 |
heavy metals | Metallic elements with high atomic weights, e.g., copper, lead, zinc, mercury, cadmium and arsenic, which tend to accumulate in the food chain causing chronic diseases | zhong jin shu | 重金属 | 高原子量的金属元素，例如铜、铅、锌、汞和砷，这些元素常常在食物链中积累引起慢性疾病。 |
holistic | Taking all relevant factors into account | tong chou de, zheng ti de | 统筹的，整体的 | 考虑所有相关因素的。 |
hydrodynamic model | A computerised model used to simulate the flow of water in shallow seas, lakes, rivers or canals, e.g. the speed and direction of currents or the progression of a flood wave along a river course | liu ti dong li xue mo xing | 流体动力学模型 | 用于模拟浅海、湖泊、河流或者渠道中水流的计算机模型，例如模拟河道中水流的速度与方向或者洪水波的演进。. |
hydrologic cycle | The states, occurrence and natural movement of water on Earth | shui wen xun huan | 水文循环 | 地球上水的状态、事件和自然运动。 |
hydrologic system model | A computerised model used to simulate the interaction of rainfall, run-off, river flow, storage and use of water within a hydrological system such as a catchment or an entire river basin. A typical model is built of nodes and links. The nodes represent points where there is withdrawal, diversion, discharge, inflow or storage of water, while the links represent the flow of water between nodes. Many hydrological models have modules that enable modelling of water quality and sediment transport. | shui wen xi tong mo xing | 水文系统模型 | 用于模拟一个水文系统（例如一个集水区或者整个流域）中降水、径流、河道流量、蓄水和用水相互作用的计算机模型。一般是由节点和连线构成。节点代表取水、引水、排水、入流或者蓄水地点，而连线代表节点之间的水流。许多水文模型都包含能够进行水质和泥沙输送模拟的模块。 |
hydrology | The science dealing with the properties, distribution and flow of water | shui wen xue | 水文学 | 有关水的性质、分布和流动的科学。 |
impact | The positive or negative changes resulting from the implementation of a project or programme | ying xiang | 影响 | 由项目或者计划的实施产生的正面或者负面变化。 |
impact indicator | Indicator to measure the changes that a project has achieved or contributed to in accordance with its goal and purpose, including both the actual and perceived benefits as well as unintended negative impacts | ying xiang zhi biao | 影响指标 | 衡量项目按照其长期、近期目标产生或者促成的变化的指标，包括实在的、感知到的效益以及意外的负面影响。 |
indicator | A variable used to measure the status of a system or monitor a project. A project monitoring and evaluation programme typically comprises indicators to measure impacts, processes, compliance with procedures, progress or outputs and inputs. | zhi biao | 指标 | 用于衡量系统的状态或者监测项目的变量。项目监测评价计划通常都包括衡量影响、过程、守规、进展或者产出与投入等情况的指标。 |
infiltration n | The amount of rain or surface water that absorbed by or seeps into surface soil, where it may be retained as soil moisture in the unsaturated zone or percolate to greater depth to form groundwater | ru shen | 入渗 | 降水或者地表水中被表层土壤吸收或者渗入表层土壤的水量，入渗水量或者停留于非饱和带成为土壤水，或者进一步渗漏成为地下水。 |
information | Data that have been consolidated, synthesised, or combined and are tabular, graphical or other formats that readily can be used in planning, awareness raising, monitoring, evaluation and decision-making. The distinction between data and information is that the data represents the original observations while information is a transformation of that data for specific purposes. | xin xi | 信息 | 经过整理、综合并以表格、图形等便于在规划、宣传、监测、评价和决策中应用的格式表示的数据。数据与信息之间的区别是数据代表原始观测，而信息代表根据特定目的对数据进行的转换。 |
information management | The process and means by which data are compiled, organised, stored, safe-guarded, extracted, retrieved, listed and disseminated. Also called data management. | xin xi guan li | 信息管理 | 对数据进行汇编、整理、存储、维护、摘录、检索、列表和传播的过程与手段。也称为数据管理。 |
infrastructure | The basic facilities, installations and services needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communication systems, water and power systems, public institutions including schools, and hospitals, etc. | ji chu she shi | 基础设施 | 社区或者社会运行所需要的基本装置、设备和公共设施，例如运输与通信系统、水和电力系统、学校和医院之类的公共机构等。 |
input indicator | Indicators to track the timely delivery, disbursement and use of the funds, personnel, materials and equipment that are necessary for project implementation | tou ru zhi biao | 投入指标 | 用于跟踪项目实施所必需的资金、人员、材料和设备是否及时提供、支付和使用的指标。 |
instream flow | River and stream flow that maintains stream quality, aquatic life and recreational opportunities | he dao nei liu liang | 河道内流量 | 能维持河水质量、水生生命和满足娱乐需要的河水流量。 |
instream use | Water use taking place within a stream, e.g. hydropower generation, navigation, aquaculture and different recreational uses | he dao nei yong shui | 河道内用水 | 在河流内发生的用水，例如水力发电、航运、水产和各种娱乐活动。 |
integrated water resource management (IWRM) | A holistic perspective of water balancing its value to the environment and its social and economic value in competing beneficial uses for domestic, industrial, agricultural and recreational and other purposes. The vertical and horizontal integration of the management of water ensuring a more equitable, efficient and sustainable use of water in accordance with the Dublin Statement.. IWRM must be undertaken in a river basin context to minimize boundary effects. | yi ti hua shui zi yuan guan li, zong he shui zi yuan guan li, zong he yi ti hua shui zi yuan guan li, shui zi yuan tong yi guan li | 一体化水资源管理，综合水资源管理，综合一体化水资源管理，水资源统一管理， | 以统筹的观点看待水，在水的环境价值和家庭、工业、农业、娱乐等竞争性用水体现的社会和经济价值之间实现平衡。
按照都柏林宣言的原则对水资源管理实现纵向与横向的统一，确保更加公平、高效和可持续地利用水资源。
水资源统一管理必须以流域为单位进行，以最大限度地减少边界效应。 |
integrated water resource planning | An open and participatory planning process emphasizing a balanced consideration of available water resources and water demands, based on an integrated financial, economic, social and environmental analysis and using both supply and demand management options to meet water needs | zong he shui zi yuan gui hua, yi ti hua shui zi yuan gui hua, zong he yi ti hua shui zi yuan gui hua, shui zi yuan tong yi gui hua | 综合水资源规划，一体化水资源规划，综合一体化水资源规划，水资源统一规划 | 一种开放、参与式的规划过程，强调对可利用水资源与需水给与同样的重视，根据对财务、经济、社会和环境进行的综合分析同时采取供水与需水管理两方面的措施来满足对水的需求。 |
interbasin transfer | A transfer or diversion of water from one catchment or river basin to another | kua liu yu diao shui | 跨流域调水 | 将水从一个流域调往另一个流域。 |
investment | The use of funds on productive assets, e.g. construction works, equipment or materials, in order to achieve a medium or long term profit or financial or economic benefit | tou zi | 投资 | 将资金用于生产性资产，例如建设工程、设备或者材料，以获得中长期利润或财务、经济效益。 |
investor-owned utility | A company owned by private sector investors and typically providing a public service such as water or electricity supply regulated by a government regulatory agency | tou zi zhe yong you de gong yong shi ye | 投资者拥有的公用事业 | 私人投资者拥有的公司，一般是提供水、电等公共服务，受到政府管制机构的监管。 |
irrigation | Applying water or wastewater to cultivated land as supplement to rainfall in order to improve crop production | guan gai | 灌溉 | 用水或者污水浇灌耕地，来弥补降水的不足，提高作物产量。 |
irrigation scheduling | Optimizing the use of irrigation water by matching of the watering schedule to the needs of crops according to direct observation or experience of the crops. Can be both manual and automated. | guan gai jin du ji hua, guan gai shi jian biao | 灌溉进度计划，灌溉时间表 | 根据对作物的直接观察或者经验按照作物的需要安排灌水进度以优化灌溉用水。能够以人工方式或者自动化方式进行。 |
irrigation scheme | An system of fields supplied from the same water off-take or an irrigated area managed by the same community-based organisation | guan pian | 灌片 | 由同一个出水口供水的一系列田块，或者由一个社区组织管理的一块灌区。 |
irrigation system | The irrigation infrastructure of water intakes, pumping stations, canals and sluices that conveys and distributes water to individual irrigation schemes | guan gai xi tong | 灌溉系统 | 取水口、泵站、渠道和水闸等灌溉基础设施，用来向各个灌片输水和配水。 |
irrigation, deficit | The difference between actual irrigation and potential evapotranspiration from crops; an irrigation strategy which optimises the net benefit of crop production per unit water by irrigation that does not meet the full evapotranspiration demands of the crop | guan gai kui que; bu chong fen guan gai, kui shui guan gai, que shui guan gai | 灌溉亏缺；不充分灌溉，亏水灌溉，缺水灌溉 | 实际灌溉水量和作物蒸腾能力之间存在的差异；一种通过使灌溉水量不满足作物全部蒸腾需要而将单位水量的作物产量净效益优化的灌溉策略。 |
irrigation, net | The area of irrigated agricultural land that actually receives irrigation water throughout the irrigation season | shi guan | 实灌 | 在整个灌溉季节实际灌溉的农业灌溉土地面积。 |
issue | An important subject or problem, which hampers the function of an organization or its ability to achieve its goals, and requires action in order to be reduced or eliminated. | yi ti, wen ti, nan ti | 议题，问题，难题 | 重要的题目或者困难，妨碍机构的功能或者实现其长期目标的能力，需要采取行动予以缓解或者消除。 |
knowledge base | The sum of data and information available within a sector on which a decision can be made or a field of activity, such as water resource management or water supply, take place | zhi shi ji chu | 知识基础 | 一个行业中可以利用的资料和信息总和，可作为决策或者开展某个领域（例如水资源管理或者供水）的活动的依据。 |
l/prop/hr | Litres per property per hour, a common indicator for water losses from an urban distribution network | sheng/hu/xiao shi | 升/户/小时 | 常用的城市配水管网水损指标。 |
land use | The primary and secondary uses of land, such as forest, agricultural, cultivated, pasture and residential land, etc., which describes the dominant character of a geographic area and thereby establishes the types of activities which are most appropriate and compatible with the potential or designated use of the land | tu di li yong | 土地利用 | 土地的直接与间接用途，例如作为林业、农业、栽培、草场、居民用地等，反映了一个地理区域的主要特征，并因此确定了最适合于潜在或者规定的土地用途的活动类型。 |
large-volume user | A water customer, usually industrial or wholesale, whose usage is substantial relative to other users, large-volume users may present unique peak or other demand characteristics | yong shui da hu
| 用水大户 | 与其他用户相比用水量很大的用户，通常为工业用户或批发用户，用水大户可能有独特的用水高峰或其他需求特点。 |
lcd | Litres per capita per day, a common indicator for water consumption used either for domestic consumption alone or for the gross consumption in a water supply system | sheng/ren/ri | 升/人/日 | 常用的反映生活用水或者供水系统总用水量的指标。 |
leak detection | Methods to identify water losses from distribution networks, fittings and household appliances | shen lou jian ce | 渗漏检测 | 探测配水管网、设备和家庭器具渗漏的方法。 |
Least Developed Countries (LDC) | Countries with low income, low quality of life and vulnerable economy. Income is measured by GDP which must be below USD 750, quality of life is measured by an index based on nutrition, health, education and adult literacy, while the vulnerability of the economy is measured by instability of agricultural production and exports, the share of manufacture and services in GDP and country size. 50 countries met all three main criteria in 2004. | zui bu fa da guo jia | 最不发达国家 | 低收入、低生活质量和经济脆弱的国家。收入以国内生产总值衡量，必须低于750美元；生活质量以一个根据营养、健康、教育和成人识字率确定的指标衡量；而经济脆弱性以农业生产和出口的不稳定性、制造业和服务业在国内生产总值中的份额以及国家的大小来衡量。在2004年有50个国家符合所有这三项准则。 |
license | Authorization issued by a government agency giving the right to use water for beneficial purposes under the conditions specified in the license. The license is usually of long duration, but the amount of water may vary by year or by season according to available resources. See also permit. | zhi zhao | 执照 | 政府机构提供的有益用水授权证书，用水须按照执照规定的条件进行。执照的有效期限通常较长，但是水量可以按照可以利用的水资源情况逐年或者逐季变化。见许可证。 |
Life Expectancy (at birth) | The age that a live born child is expected to reach. In Least Developed Countries this age is 50 years compared with 63 years for all developing countries and 71 for developed countries. | yu qi shou ming (xin sheng ying er) | 预期寿命（新生婴儿） | 新生婴儿预期可达到的寿命。最不发达国家的预期寿命为50岁，而所有发展中国家为63岁，发达国家为71岁。 |
lifespan | See lifetime | shi yong qi xian | 使用期限 | 见lifetime。 |
lifetime | The duration that civil works are designed to be useful and satisfy their purpose. The lifetime is limited by a combination of physical deterioration and development making the works inadequate or obsolete. The lifetime is used to calculate the financial and economic efficiency of the investment in the works. | shi yong qi xian | 使用期限 | 在民用工程设计中规定的工程能够使用并发挥其作用的年限。工程本身会老化，外界条件的变化也会影响工程的适用性或者使其报废，这都限制了工程的使用期限。使用期限用于工程投资的财务、经济效率计算。 |
line agencies | Government agencies with authority and operational responsibility within specific sectors such as natural resources management, water supply, agriculture, industry, energy, or transport | hang ye (zhu guan) bu men, zhuan ye bu men | 行业（主管）部门，专业部门 | 在自然资源管理、供水、农业、工业、能源、运输等专门领域行使权力并承担管理责任的政府机构。 |
lobbying | Process of influencing government policy or legislation | you shui | 游说 | 影响政府政策的制订或立法的过程。 |
losses (water) | The difference between the amount of water that is abstracted from a source and the amount that is put to beneficial use, including transmission losses, production losses, leakage from the distribution network and household installations and in some cases also water taken from illegal connections. In irrigation the losses include infiltration and evaporation from canals and fields. | shui sun | 水损 | 从某一水源开采的水量和付诸有益使用的水量之间的差值，包括输水损失、生产损失、配水管网和家庭用水器具渗漏，在某些情况下也包括偷用损失。在灌溉方面，水损包括渠道和田间的下渗和蒸发。 |
low water-use landscaping | Use of plant species that are appropriate to an area’s climate and growing conditions, mainly vegetation for shelterbelts to reduce wind erosion and combat desertification | di yong shui jing guan jian she | 低用水景观建设 | 种植适合本地区气候和生长条件的植物品种，主要是用于减少风蚀和抗沙漠化的防风林带的植物。 |
mandate | The authority which formally has been assigned to a level of government or an organization through constitutional, legal or administrative means | quan xian, shou quan | 权限，授权 | 通过宪法、法律或者行政手段正式赋予某一级政府或者某个组织的权力。 |
market failure | A common situation occurring in the water sector in countries where normal market forces do not function due to abuse of the monopoly on water supply or government intervention to restrict prices, usually resulting in inadequate, inefficient or excessively costly services | shi chang shi ling | 市场失灵 | 在由于滥用供水垄断或者政府限价而使正常的市场力量失效的国家里水行业常发生的情况，通常会导致服务质量、效率低下或者成本过高。 |
market penetration | The extent to which a new service or product is adopted by consumers. A village, for instance, may have 200 households who potentially can connect to a new water supply system, but only 100 have actually connected giving a market penetration of 50%. | shi chang shen tou lü | 市场渗透率 | 一项新的服务或者产品被消费者接纳的程度。例如，一个村庄可能有200户人家可以连接到一个新的供水系统上，但是只连接了100户，这样市场渗透率就为50%。 |
marketing | Technique of selling goods and services. See also social marketing. | ying xiao | 营销 | 销售商品和服务的技巧。见社会营销。 |
master meter | A large meter at a point of distribution to multiple users who can be further sub-metered, often used in apartment blocks. | zong shui biao | 总水表 | 在多用户配水点上安装的大水表，还可以为这些用户进一步安装分水表，常常用于公寓楼。 |
master plan | A detailed plan for the development of a sector, subsector, river basin or other water management area. A master plan often prescribes a specific programme or blueprint for development, while an action plan present a range of development options. | zong ti gui hua, gui hua | 总体规划，规划 | 有关行业、子行业、流域或者其它水管理区发展的详细规划。总体规划常常规定明确的开发计划或者蓝图，而行动计划是提出多个开发选择方案。 |
maximum-day demand | The highest daily production of a water system during a year | zui da ri xu shui liang | 最大日需水量 | 供水系统一年中的最高日产水量。 |
media | Communication channels, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, films, videos, Internet, etc. | mei ti | 媒体 | 交流渠道，例如电视、电台、报纸、杂志、书籍、电影、录像、互联网等。 |
merchandising | Making use of a well known or popular person or company to promote the sale of products and goods | tui xiao, xiao shou | 推销，销售 | 利用名人、公众人物或者公司促进产品、商品的销售。 |
metadata | An entry in a data directory describing a set of original data, e.g. what data is available, the period it covers, where it is stored and how to obtain it | yuan shu ju | 元数据 | 在数据目录中描述一组原始数据的条目，例如有什么数据、数据覆盖时间，储存地点和如何获取等。 |
metadatabase | A database that contains metadata, i.e. entries which provide information about datasets but do not contain the data itself. Also called a data directory. | yuan shu ju ku | 元数据库 | 包含元数据，即有关数据集信息条目的数据库，但是不包括数据本身。也称为数据目录。 |
meter | An instrument to measure and record water use by volume | shui biao | 水表 | 测量、记录用水量的装置。 |
minimum night flow | The minimum flow into a discrete or isolated section of a water distribution system of a water during the night. Used by water companies to locate leakages. | zui xiao ye jian liu liang | 最小夜间流量 | 夜间流入配水系统独立小区的最小流量。供水公司通常用来确定渗漏地点。 |
mitigate | Reduce negative impacts on the environment | huan jie | 缓解 | 减少对环境的负面影响。 |
model n. | A copy, usually on a smaller scale, of physical structure used to illustrate its appearance, examine its stability or impact on the (water) environment. Computerised models have to a large extent replaced physical models. A simplified representation of a complex system used to simulate processes and facilitate calculations, analysis and predictions, mainly computerised. | mo xing | 模型 | 对物理结构的复制，通常采用缩小的尺度，展示其外观，检查其稳定性或者对（水）环境的影响。计算机模型已经在很大程度上取代了物理模型。
对复杂系统的简化表示，用于模拟过程，帮助进行计算、分析和预测，主要是利用计算机进行的。 |
monitoring | Periodic measurement of the changes in the status of a natural system or of a project using different indicators, e.g. river flow, groundwater level, water quality or the number of outputs produced by a project | jian ce | 监测 | 对自然系统或者项目状态的变化进行的定期测量，可使用不同的指标，例如河流流量、地下水位、水质或者项目的产出数量等。 |
multilateral donor | An international aid agency that provides loans and grants from funds contributed by a number of countries. Examples are the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank. | duo bian yuan zhu ji gou | 多边援助机构 | 提供来自多个国家的贷款和赠款的国际援助机构。例如亚洲开发银行和世界银行。 |
multipurpose reservoir | A reservoir planned and constructed to provide water for more than one purpose, for example, irrigation, recreation, flood control and hydropower generation | zong he li yong shui ku | 综合利用水库 | 为了多个用水目的（例如灌溉、旅游、防洪和水力发电）规划和建设的水库。 |
natural flow | The original flow in a stream before development or use of natural resources within the stream’s catchment | tian ran shui liu, tian ran liu liang | 天然水流，天然流量 | 在对流域内自然资源进行开发或者利用之前河流原有的水流。 |
natural resources | Any form of matter or energy obtained from the environment that contribute to human needs, including land, water, soil, vegetation and related resources | zi ran zi yuan | 自然资源 | 取自于环境、满足人类需求的任何形式的物质或者能源，包括土地、水、土壤、植被和相关资源。 |
non-consumptive use | Use of water for purposes that do not result in reduction of the amount of (liquid) water available within a catchment or river basin when interbasin transfers are excluded. Typical non-consumptive uses are hydropower generation, cooling, fishing, aquaculture, boating and navigation. Strictly defined, very few water uses are entirely non-consumptive, i.e. there may be significant evaporation losses from a reservoir and conveyance losses associated with maintaining a minimum flow for navigation. | fei xiao hao yong shui | 非消耗用水 | 在没有跨流域调水的情况下不会导致流域内（液态）水的数量减少的用水。一般非消耗用水为水力发电、冷却、捕鱼、水产、水上运动、航运等。如果严格定义，用水很少是完全非消耗性的，例如为了维持航运所需的最低流量可能会产生显著的水库蒸发损失和输水损失。 |
non-household | Industrial or commercial water use | fei jia ting yong shui | 非家庭用水 | 工业或商业用水。 |
non-point source pollution | Water pollution produced by land-use activities taking place over a large area, typically pesticides and fertilisers dissolved in run-off or infiltration and drainage water from agricultural land, but also acid rain. Also called diffuse pollution. | fei dian yuan wu ran, mian yuan wu ran | 非点源污染，面源污染 | 由大范围的土地利用活动产生的水污染，通常来自农用土地的径流、下渗水或者排水中溶解的农药和肥料，但是也可来自酸雨。也称为面源污染。 |
non-promotional tariffs | Tariffs that do not encourage additional water consumption by water users | fei gu li xing shui jia | 非鼓励性水价 | 不鼓励用户增加用水量的水价。 |
non-residential customer | A commercial or industrial water customer | fei ju min yong shui hu | 非居民用水户 | 商业或工业用水户。 |
Objectively Verifiable Indicator (OVI) | An indicator which can be defined in terms of quantity, quality and time (QQT) or is specific, measurable, accurate, realistic and time-bound (SMART) | ke ke guan yan zheng zhi biao | 可客观验证指标 | 能够以数量、质量和时间加以定义的或者具体、可度量、准确、符合实际和有时间限制的指标。 |
observation well | A well used to monitor the level or quality of groundwater, and which is not used in water supply | guan ce jing | 观测井 | 用于观测地下水水位或者水质的井，不用于供水。 |
offstream use | Water withdrawn or diverted from a river or stream for use at another place | he dao wai yong shui | 河道外用水 | 从河流引水在其它地点使用。 |
open well | A shallow hole in the ground for abstraction of groundwater. At the surface it may have a cover, wall and surrounding platform to lead excess water away and protect against pollution from activities at the well | kai kou jing | 开口井 | 在地上打的浅孔，用于开采地下水。在地面可能安装有井盖、围墙和周边平台，以引走多余的水，防止水井处的活动造成污染。 |
optimum use | The use of water that achieves the most desirable combination of social, economic and environmental objectives. | zui jia yong shui | 最佳用水 | 能达到最希望实现的社会、经济与环境综合目标的用水。 |
organic pollution | Plant or animal matter originating from domestic, agricultural or industrial sources; nutrients leached from agricultural land; industrially produced hydrocarbons, for instance oils or solvents, discharged to the environment | you ji wu ran | 有机污染 | 来自生活、农业或者工业的植物或者动物物质；从农用土地流失的营养物质；工业生产的碳氢化合物，例如油或者溶剂,这些物质排入环境所造成的污染。 |
over-extraction | See over-abstraction | chao cai | 超采 | 见over-abstraction。 |
over-abstraction | Groundwater abstraction that over a period exceeds average recharge of the surrounding groundwater aquifer and results in declining groundwater levels or over a short period exceeds the maximum yield of a borehole | chao cai | 超采 | 在一定时期内地下水开采量超过周边地下水含水层的平均补给量，导致地下水位下降，或者指地下水开采量在较段时间内超过了一眼井的的最大出水量。 |
oversight | Monitoring of the activity(ies) of an organisation with power to approve of the organisation’s actions; omission | jian du; shu hu | 监督；疏忽 | 对组织的活动进行监督，对其行动拥有批准权；遗漏，疏忽。 |
OVI | Objectively Verifiable Indicator |
| 可客观验证指标的缩写。 | |
participatory approach | A approach to water resource management in which all stakeholders are given the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process | can yu shi fang fa, can yu shi, can yu mo shi | 参与式方法，参与式，参与模式 | 水资源管理的一种方法，这种方法向所有利益相关者提供参与决策过程的机会。 |
PIM | Participatory Irrigation Management | 参与式灌溉管理的缩写。 | ||
participatory irrigation management (PIM) | A system for management of irrigation systems where representatives of the irrigators, land owner and responsible government agencies jointly make decisions on significant aspects of water delivery, cropping systems or financial management | can yu shi guan gai guan li | 参与式灌溉管理 | 一种灌溉系统管理制度，在这个制度中由灌溉者、土地所有者和政府负责机构的代表联合对供水、耕作制度或者财务安排等重要问题作出决定。 |
peak demand | The highest demand that occurs in a water supply system either hourly, daily, weekly, monthly or yearly; also the highest total water usage in a system, measured on an hourly and a daily basis. | zui da xu qiu liang, jian feng xu shui liang | 最大需求量，尖峰需水量 | 对供水系统每小时、日、周、月或年的最高需水量。也指供水系统每小时、每天的最大用水量。 |
ppc | per capita consumption, see litre per capita per day |
| 人均用水量的缩写，见升/人/日。 | |
litres per capita per day | A common indicator for water consumption used either for domestic consumption alone or for the gross consumption in a water supply system | sheng/ren/ri | 升/人/日 | 表示生活用水量或者供水系统总用水量的常用指标。 |
per-capita residential use | Total domestic water use divided by the total population served, commonly reported as litres per capita per day (lcd) | ren jun sheng huo yong shui liang | 人均生活用水量 | 生活用水总量除以用水总人口，通常以升/人/日为单位。 |
per-capita use | Total water use in a system divided by the total population served, commonly reported as litres per capita per day (lcd) | ren jun yong shui liang | 人均用水量 | 供水系统的总用水量除以用水总人口，通常以升/人/日为单位。 |
performance indicator | An indicator used to measure to what extent the goal or objectives of a project have been achieved as the result of the implementation of the project | ji xiao zhi biao | 绩效指标 | 用于衡量通过项目的实施在多大程度上实现了其长期或者近期目标的指标。 |
permit | An authorization issued by an approved agency to use water or other natural resources for a specific purpose, mainly used for short term activities under environmental legislation, e.g. a permit to abstract water or discharge wastewater of specific quantity and quality over a specific period. Compare with license. | xu ke zheng | 许可证 | 由规定的机构发放的准许为特定目的而使用水或者其他自然资源的授权文件，主要用于根据环境法规开展的短期活动，例如在一定时期内开采或者排放特定数量和质量的水或者污水的许可证。比较执照。 |
pesticide | Chemicals intended to protect crops and trees from infections by fungi, attacks by insects or competition from weeds or other unwanted plants | sha chong ji, nong yao | 杀虫剂，农药 | 用于保护作物、树木不受真菌感染、害虫侵袭、野草或者其它有害植物的竞争影响的药剂。 |
planning | Advance prioritisation and allocation of scarce resources (natural, financial, organisational, human) to programmes, projects or specific purposes and accompanying scheduling of project activities | gui hua, ji huan | 规划，计划 | 针对计划、项目或者具体目标对稀缺资源（自然资源、资金、组织、人力）预先进行优先排序和分配，并且对项目活动作出相应安排。 |
planning cycle | A continuous process of planning, implementation, review of results and updating of the planning to reflect the new situation arising from project implementation as well as changes not resulting from the project | gui hua zhou qi, ji hua zhou qi | 规划周期，计划周期 | 制订规划、实施规划、审查结果以及对规划进行修改以反映项目实施中出现的新情况以及并非由项目产生的变化的连续过程。 |
project cycle | A systematic and continuous process of project preparation, implementation and evaluation comprising project identification, feasibility study or other preparation, appraisal and approval, implementation and monitoring, operation and monitoring, evaluation and identification of need for further work or potential for replication or up-scaling | xiang mu zhou qi | 项目周期 | 对项目进行准备、实施项目并对项目进行评价的系统的、连续的过程，包括项目识别、可行性研究或者其他项目准备工作、项目审批、项目实施与监测、项目的运行与监测、项目评价、确定需要进一步开展的工作或者推广、扩大项目的可能性。 |
plumbing | Piping for distribution of water inside a building | guan dao she shi (she bei, xi tong), shui guan zhuang zhi | 管道设施（设备，系统），水管装置 | 建筑物内部的配水管道 |
point source pollution | Pollution originating from specific and stationary locations, e.g. wastewater discharged from a sewer or industrial outfall | dian yuan wu ran | 点源污染 | 来自具体固定地点的污染，例如从下水道或者工业排水口排出的污水。 |
policies | Statements expressing the principles and rules for actions to achieve the goals of a country or an organisation and guiding the work of its officials and staff. National policies are made operational in national strategies or action plans and implemented in the programmes of line ministries. | zheng ce | 政策 | 体现为使行动实现国家或组织的长期目标所需遵循的原则与规则、并对其官员与职员的工作起指导作用的陈述。国家的政策通过国家战略或者行动计划付诸实施，并具体落实在各个专业部委的计划中。 |
policy framework | The set of broad policies that guide the activities of a country or organization, and with which its strategies and programs need to be consistent | zheng ce kuang jia | 政策框架 | 指导国家或组织的基本政策的集合， 国家或组织的战略和计划需要与政策框架保持一致。 |
political will | A determined decision, conclusion or choice by persons with political authority to achieve specific goals and objectives irrespective of the risk that the implementation process may require intermediate decisions or have negative impacts that will be unpopular in the short term, e.g. improving water supply through full cost recovery although this requires price increases. Lack of “political will” to take unpopular decision is often said to be one of the main obstacles to development and the main reason for the failure of many development programmes and plans. | zheng zhi yi yuan | 政治意愿 | 政治权威人士为实现特定的长远目标和近期目标所作出的坚定的决策、结论或者抉择，不考虑是否存在在其执行过程中可能需要作出中间决定或者执行过程会在短期内产生不受欢迎的影响之类的风险，例如虽然需要涨价也要实行全成本回收来改善供水。缺少作出不受欢迎的决策的“政治意愿”常常被认为是发展的主要障碍之一，也是许多发展计划、规划失败的主要原因。 |
electorate | A group of people or a geographic areas having the right to elect one member to a political body | xuan min; xuan qu 选民，选区 | 具有向一政治团体选举一个成员权利的人群或者地理区域。 | |
constituency | The group of people or the geographic area which has elected a member of a political body and whose interests this member is obliged to promote | xuan min; xuan qu | 选民，选区 | 选举了某一政治团体成员的人群或者地理区域，该成员有责任维护他们的利益。 |
pollutant | Any substance introduced into the environment as result of human activity that adversely affects the usefulness of a natural resource or the health of humans, animals or ecosystems | wu ran wu | 污染物 | 由于人类活动而进入环境的任何对自然资源的利用价值或者人类、动物或生态系统健康产生不利影响的物质。 |
pollution | The presence of a substance in the environment that because of its quantity or properties has a negative impact on natural processes, life or living conditions | wu ran | 污染 | 由于其数量或者性质对自然过程、生命或者生存条件产生不良影响的物质在环境中的出现。 |
potential basin use | The maximum ratio of consumptive water use to available water resources in a river basin that can be sustained over time without detrimental impact on water ecology and water related environments, see also safe yield | qian zai liu yu yong shui liang | 潜在流域用水量 | 能够长期维持而不对水生态和与水有关的环境产生不利影响的流域内消耗性用水量与可利用水资源量的最大比率。见安全产水量。 |
poverty line | The per capita income or equivalent food production that a household must have in order to provide its members with sufficient food, clothes and shelter. World Bank applies a general global poverty line of USD 100 per capita per year. Individual countries may apply different poverty lines for regions, urban and rural areas and to identify people living in acute poverty. | pin kun xian | 贫困线 | 一个家庭为了为其成员提供足够的食物、服装和住所所必须具有的人均收入或者等价的粮食产量。世界银行以每年人均100美元作为全球通用的贫困线。各个国家对不同的地区、城市和农村可以采用不同的贫困线，并确定赤贫人口。 |
acute poverty | Households with insufficient income or equivalent food production to meet the basic needs of food | chi pin | 赤贫 | 收入或者粮食产量不足以满足基本粮食需求的家庭。 |
precautionary principle | Principle introduced in Agenda 21 on Environment and Development and defined as follows: "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage (to the environment), lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation" | yu fang yuan ze | 预防原则 | 环境与发展21世纪议程采纳的原则，其定义是“在可能出现严重的或者不可逆转的环境破坏威胁的情况下，缺少充分的科学把握不应当成为推迟采用成本有效的防止环境恶化措施的理由”。 |
pressure reduction | Reducing the pressure of water in a water transmission or distribution system using valves or pressure break tanks in order to protect pipes, fittings and connections against rupture and leakage due to excess pressure | jian ya | 减压 | 利用阀门或者减压箱减少输水或者配水系统中的水压，以防止因为压力过高导致管道、管件、接头发生破裂或者渗漏。 |
pressure regulator | A device to limit water-pressure | shui ya tiao jie qi | 水压调节器 | 限制水压的装置。 |
primary data | Data obtained directly by observation or measurement, compare with secondary data | yuan shi zi liao, yuan shi shu ju, di yi shou zi liao (shu ju) | 原始资料，原始数据，第一手资料（数据） | 指通过直接观测、测量获得的资料，比较二手资料。 |
primary pump supply | Amount of water that can be diverted or pumped with existing infrastructure | yuan you gong shui liang | 原有供水量 | 使用当前的基础设施能引取或抽取的水量。 |
proactive | Taking action to address an issues before it develops into a problem, compare with reactive | zhu dong de, ji ji de | 主动的，积极的 | 在问题变得严重之前就采取行动解决问题，与被动的比较。 |
reactive | Waiting for issues to become urgent or develop into concrete problems before taking action to address them, compare with proactive | bei dong de | 被动的 | 在问题变得紧迫或者成为具体的问题后才采取行动解决问题，比较主动的。 |
procedure n. | A well established or prescribed method or series of activities to analyse an issue or assess an application and issue a legal document, e.g. a water abstraction license | cheng xu, shou xu | 程序，手续 | 明确规定的一种方法或者一系列活动，用于分析问题或者对一项申请进行评估并发放法律文件，例如取水执照。 |
process n. | A method or series of actions to produce a result or manufacture a product; a series of chemical reactions | guo cheng | 过程 | 为获得某个结果或者制造某个产品而采用的一种方法或者采取的一系列行动；一系列化学反应。 |
process consultancy | Assisting and guiding an organisation to develop programs, procedures, plans and projects that will help the organisation achieve its goal, rather than producing the results for the organisation | guo cheng zi xun | 过程咨询 | 协助、指导一个组织开发或者制订计划、程序、规划和项目，以帮助该组织实现其长期目标，而不是为该组织产生结果。 |
process indicator | Indicator to monitor whether the processes and procedures supported by a project lead to the intended results in a timely and cost-efficient manner | guo cheng zhi biao | 过程指标 | 用于监测项目支持的过程或者程序是否及时并成本有效地产生预期结果的指标。 |
production losses | Clean water used for backwashing of filters at water treatment plants | sheng chan sun shi | 生产损失 | 在水处理厂中反洗过滤池使用的清洁水。 |
production well | A well used for abstraction of water | sheng chan jing | 生产井 | 用于采水的水井 |
productivity | Number, amount or value of products or services produced per unit of water consumed | shui fen sheng chan lü, yong shui sheng chan lü, shui sheng chan li | 水分生产率，用水生产率，水生产力 | 消费一个单位水量所提供的产品和服务的数量或者价值。 |
program or programme | A set of related projects or services directed towards the same goal; a plan, schedule or procedure for project implementation | ji hua | 计划 | 具有相同长期目标的一组相互有关的项目或者服务；项目实施的方案、日程或者程序。 |
progress indicator | Indicator which tracks whether project activities are undertaken and deliver the expected outputs on time | jin du zhi biao, jin zhan zhi biao | 进度指标，进展指标 | 用于跟踪项目活动是否按时进行并提交预期成果的指标 |
project | A well defined and planned process designed to produce specific results within a given budget and a specific period of time, also used for the resulting infrastructure or civil works | xiang mu; gong cheng | 项目，工程 | 为在既定的预算和时间内产生特定结果而明确设计、规划的过程；建成的基础设施或者土木工程 |
promotion | Encouraging a change of behaviour, e.g. increased use of water to improve health, hygiene and sanitation or water conservation or water saving in areas with inadequate water resources | xuan chuan, tui guang, cu jin | 宣传，推广，促进 | 鼓励行为转变，例如增加用水以改善健康、个人卫生和环境卫生，或者在水资源短缺地区开展节水。 |
property right | Legally granted and protected claims, entitlements and related obligations to take possession of land, water or other scarce resources and to put them to beneficial use | chan quan | 产权 | 法律规定授予、并受到法律保护的拥有土地、水或者其它稀缺资源并对其进行有益利用的权利和相关义务。 |
proprietary water right | Legal ownership of an area of water or land and the accompanying right of the owner to abstract, use or sell the water, including water which occurs within or under the land or flows through such land. Is controversial because the abstraction and use may limit similar rights of adjacent or downstream owners, see water right. | cai chan shui quan, ye zhu shui quan | 财产水权，业主水权 | 一块水域或者土地的法定所有权以及业主附带的可以开采、使用或者出售该水源的权利，包括在该土地上、土地下所产生的水以及流经该土地的水。对此权力存在争议，因为开采和使用该土地的水可能会限制邻近或者下游业主所拥有的类似的权利，见水权。 |
usufructary water right | The right to use and enjoy the benefits of water that belongs to or is managed by the state and accompanying obligations to use the water efficiently and protect it against pollution, see water right. | yong yi shui quan | 用益水权 | 使用属于国家或者由国家管理的水并享有其效益的权利以及伴随的有效地利用水并防止它遭受污染的义务，见水权。 |
riparian water right | The right of those who live along a river or lake or own adjacent land to access, use or withdraw water from that river or lake, see water right | an bian shui quan | 岸边水权 | 居住在河边或湖边，或者拥有与之相邻的土地的人接近、使用和提取河水或者湖水的权利，见水权。 |
customary water right | The right to access, use or withdraw water granted by traditional authority in accordance with social norms, see water right | xi guan shui quan, xi su shui quan | 习惯水权，习俗水权 | 由传统权力依照社会规范授予的接近、使用或者提取水的权利，见水权。 |
right of prior appropriation | A principle for allocation of the right to use water which states that, while no one may own the water in a stream, the person, company or government agency which in practice was first to use the water shall be given priority when the right to use water for beneficial purposes is allocated, see water right | you xian zhan yong quan | 优先占用权 | 一种水的使用权分配原则，这个原则规定，任何人都不能拥有河流中的水，而在事实上首先使用水的人、公司或者政府机构在有益用水权的分配中应当具有优先权，见水权。 |
tradable water right | A water right that is sufficiently well defined in a permit or license that it can be assigned a value and traded in a water market | ke jiao yi shui quan | 可交易水权 | 在许可证或者执照中明确规定、可以在水市场中赋予价值并进行交易的水权。 |
water right | Legal right to access, use or withdraw water for beneficial use in a specified volume, at a specified location or within a specified time frame. For example, all households of a community may have rights to draw water for domestic purposes, animal owners may have the right to water their herds or flocks at certain places, farmers who invested in building an irrigation system may have rights to divert water for their crops (all use rights), while the village community, irrigators’ association, or the state may have the right to decide on the timing of water use, changes to the river, and granting of permission to new users (proprietary rights). See also customary, proprietary, riparian and usufructary water rights and rights of prior appropriation. | shui quan | 水权 | 在特定时间、特定地点接近、使用或者开采特定数量的水用于有益用途的法定权利。例如，一个社区的所有家庭可以有权取用生活用水，牲畜所有者有权在一地点为其牲畜喂水，投资建设了灌溉系统的农民有权引水灌溉作物（都是使用权），而村庄、灌溉者协会或者国家有权决定用水的时间、河流的改造和向新用户发放许可证等事宜（产权）。见习惯水权、财产水权、岸边水权、用益水权和优先占用水权。 |
protocol | A formal procedure or set of procedures for interaction between governments or among government agencies | xie yi, gui cheng | 协议，规程 | 有关政府或者政府机构之间相互关系的正规程序。 |
public awareness | The general level of awareness that members of the public have about issues that affect them | gong zhong yi shi | 公众意识 | 公众成员对影响他们的问题的总体认识水平。 |
public relations | The communication from a company to customers, e.g. information from a water company on water tariffs and the use of water charges for different purposes. | gong gong guan xi | 公共关系 | 公司与用户的沟通，例如自来水公司提供有关水价和水费用于不同用途的信息。 |
rainwater harvesting | Efforts to increase the amount of rainfall that is captured and stored for later use. Usually refers household collection of run-off from roofs in rainwater tanks or jars for use as drinking water or for cooking, or to building of small dykes across valleys in order to retain water in fields or increase groundwater recharge. | yu shui shou ji | 雨水收集 | 增加雨水的截获和存储数量以供将来使用的措施。通常指家庭采取的以雨水池或者水瓮采集屋顶雨水用于饮用或者做饭，或者在山谷中兴建小型水坝以保持田间的水或者增加地下水补给。 |
rationing | Restrictions on water-use during drought or other emergency conditions | xian e pei shui | 限额配水 | 在干旱或其它紧急情况下采用的用水限制措施。 |
raw water | Untreated water | yuan shui, sheng shui, wei jia gong shui, wei chu li shui, wei jing hua shui | 原水，生水，未加工水，未处理水，未净化水 | 未经处理的水。 |
recharge, groundwater | Refilling of a groundwater aquifer by infiltration and percolation of water from the surface through the unsaturated zone to the aquifer | di xia shui bu ji, di xia shui hui bu | 地下水补给，地下水回补 | 地表水通过不饱和带入渗到地下水含水层，使含水层得到补充。 |
recycling | Reuse of water in an industrial process | chong fu yong shui | 重复用水 | 在工业生产过程中对水进行重复利用。 |
regulate vb | To bring water abstraction, use, water supply or wastewater discharge into conformity with a rule, principle or legislation; to adjust or control the flow of water according to different purposes such as irrigation, flood or salinity control | tiao kong, guan zhi, tiao jie | 调控，管制，调节 使水的开采、使用、供水或者污水排放遵守规则、原则或者法律；按照不同的目的（例如灌溉、防洪或者控制盐分）对水流进行调整或者控制。 | |
regulation n. | A government or ministerial order having the force of law; the act or process of regulating; to control reservoir discharge or river flow to match downstream water demands and use | fa gui, tiao li, gui zhang, guan zhi, tiao jie | 法规，条例，规章；管制；调节 | 具有法律效力的政府或者部级行政命令；管制的行为或者过程；控制水库放水或者河流流量以满足下游的需水和用水要求。 |
regulator | Government agency defining and monitoring the operating conditions of companies doing business in the water sector when these companies enjoy a monopoly without regulation by market forces, mainly used to regulate the services of private water supply companies but may also to water resources management and other water services, see regulatory | tiao kong bu men, guan zhi ji gou | 调控部门，管制机构 | 为水行业的从事垄断性经营、不受市场力量约束的公司规定经营条件并对之进行监督的政府机构，主要用来对私营供水公司的服务进行管制，但是也对水资源管理和其他水务服务进行管制，见管制的。 |
regulatory | Government powers to formulate regulations and standards that government agency, private sector companies and individuals must comply with in their work and operations in the water sector, to control the allowable impact of activities on the environment, to monitor compliance the regulations and standards, and to take actions on violations. Within the water resources sector regulatory powers may concern surface or ground water abstraction, water use, water quality, wastewater discharge, well construction, dam safety, land use on river flood plains and in channels, etc. Within water services they may include water prices, tariffs, service levels, profits, financial strength and quality of infrastructure maintenance. | tiao kong de, guan zhi de | 调控的，管制的 | 政府在制定水行业政府机构、私营公司和个人在工作和经营中都必须遵守的规章与标准、控制各种活动对环境产生的允许影响、监督对规章与标准的遵守情况以及对违规行为采取措施等方面的权力。在水资源行业中管制权力可以涉及地表水和地下水的开采、用水、水质、污水排放、凿井、水坝安全、河流滩地与河道内的土地利用等方面。在水务服务领域，也包括水价、服务水平、利润、财力以及基础设施维护质量等。 |
regulatory instruments | Means of influencing the behaviour of water users and other people by rules, regulations and laws, e.g. progressive block tariffs to curb high water use | tiao kong shou duan | 调控手段 | 利用制度、规章和法律影响用水户和其他群体行为的手段，例如利用阶梯水价控制大用水量。 |
relevance | The degree to which the goal and purpose of a project are or remain significant in relation to the needs and demands that originally motivated the project | xiang guan xing | 相关性 | 项目的长期、近期目标对项目原设计所针对的需求具有意义的程度。 |
renewable water resources | The portion of annual rainfall that enters into streams or recharges groundwater to be available for use | ke geng xin shui zi yuan, zai sheng shui zi yuan | 可更新水资源，再生水资源 | 年降水中流入河流或补给地下水可供利用的部分。 |
reservoir | An artificial water body used to store water for later use, or to regulate or control the flow of water | shui ku | 水库 | 用来蓄水以供将来使用或者对水流进行调节或控制的人工水域。 |
resource base | The sum of human resources available in a sector including graduate and skilled staff | zi yuan di shu, zi yuan ji chu | 资源底数，资源基础 | 一个行业可利用的人力资源总和，包括毕业生和熟练职员。 |
resource development costs | The costs of developing a water resource for beneficial use, e.g. constructing a reservoir, water intake, groundwater well and associated transmission systems | shui zi yuan kai fa fei yong | 水资源开发费用 | 开发水资源用于有益用途的费用，例如建设水库、取水口、地下水水井以及配套的输水系统。 |
resource development plan | A plan for the water sector, a sub-sector, a river basin or other water management area that describes a range of options to increase the amount of water available for beneficial use. Also known as a master plan or action plan. Compare with water resource management plan. | shui zi yuan kai fa gui hua | 水资源开发规划 | 通常是为水行业、子行业、流域或者其他水管理区制订的说明增加有益用水可利用水量多种选择方案的规划。也称为总体规划或者行动规划。比较水资源管理规划。 |
resource management plan | A plan for the water sector, a sub-sector, a river basin or other water management area that describes options for managing and conserving the available water resources. Compare with water resource development plan. | shui zi yuan guan li gui hua | 水资源管理规划 | 为水行业、子行业、流域或者其他水管理区制订的说明水资源管理和保护多种选择方案的规划。比较水资源开发规划。 |
responsibility | Being required to undertake some action and having authority to decide how and when to take the action. Generally used when the accountable person or organization may not delegate the actual execution of the action(s) to another person or organization. Compare with accountability. | ze ren, zhi ze | 责任，职责 | 被要求采取某些行动并有权决定如何和何时采取行动。本术语通常用于承担责任的人或者组织不可以将行动的实际执行委托给另一个人或组织的情况。比较绩效责任。 |
retrofit | Replace or upgrade existing water installations, fixtures or water-using appliances in order to improve their operational efficiency | geng xin | 更新 | 更换或者改进现有供水装置、设备或者用水器具以改善其运行效率。 |
reuse of water | Beneficial use of wastewater either directly or upon treatment | shui de zai li yong | 水的再利用 | 直接或者经处理后对废水进行有益利用。 |
revenue-producing water | Water that is metered and paid for | shou shui liang | 售水量 | 经过计量并被买走的水量。 |
riparian | Related to a river, typically used for the states or land owners who have the formal or informal right to land along a river | he an de | 河岸的 | 与河流有关的，通常指对沿河土地拥有正式或非正式权利的州或者土地业主。 |
riparian country | A country with territory along one or both banks of a particular river | yan he guo jia | 沿河国家 | 其领土位于某条河流的一岸或者两岸的国家。 |
riparian zone | A river and the land and vegetation on its banks affected by the river | he an dai | 河岸带 | 河流及其岸边的对其产生影响的土地和植被。 |
risk | A measure of the probability that damage to life, health, property, and/or the environment will occur as a result of a given action or hazard | feng xian | 风险 | 作为某种行动或者危害的结果而使生命、健康、财产或环境受到损害的概率指标。 |
risk assessment | Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and/or the environment by various actions or hazards | feng xian ping jia | 风险评价 | 定性、定量评价各种行动或者危害给人类健康或环境带来的风险。 |
river basin | A geographic area from which water via streams and river drains into an inland lake or the sea through a single point or a delta. Commonly used for large hydrological units while smaller units may be described as sub-basin, catchments or watersheds. Can be delineated on maps or terrain models by tracing a line along the highest points or ridges that separate two areas. | liu yu | 流域 | 一种地理区域，该区域产生的水经由河流通过一点或者三角洲汇入内陆湖泊或者海洋。一般指较大的水文单元，而把较小的水文单元称为子流域，或者catchment、watershed（中文一般也译成流域 – 译者注）。可以在地图上或者地形模型上连接分割两个区域之间的最高点或者山脊来划分流域。 |
river basin organization | An organization specifically established by government to plan and/or manage the development, use and protection of water resources within a river basin | liu yu ji gou | 流域机构 | 政府专门成立的负责对流域水资源的开发、利用与保护进行规划、管理的组织。 |
river basin plan | A plan for the development, use and management of the water resources of a river basin | liu yu gui hua | 流域规划 | 流域水资源的开发、利用和管理的规划。 |
river basin profile | A brief document that presents the status of water resources and their use, the policy and institutional framework within which water resources management is undertaken, and the major issues for water resources management and development in a river basin | liu yu gai kuang | 流域概况 | 对流域的水资源及其利用状况、水资源管理的政策、机构框架以及水资源管理和开发的主要问题进行简要描述的文件。 |
river health | A term describing the overall status of water quality and physical condition of the water environment in a particular stretch of river | he liu jian kang | 河流健康 | 描述特定河段水环境的水质与自然条件总体状况的术语。 |
roaded catchment | An area which has been levelled, compacted and possibly also sealed with the purpose of reducing infiltration into the ground and increasing rainfall runoff | lu mian hua ji shui qu | 路面化集水区 | 经过平整、压实的一块地面，也可以进行封闭，目的是减少下渗，增加降水径流。 |
rotation watering | Irrigation by sequential supply of water to farms according to a fixed schedule | lun guan | 轮灌 | 以按照确定的日程对农田轮流供水灌溉。 |
run-off | The part of precipitation, snowmelt or irrigation water that runs off the land into streams or other surface waters | jing liu | 径流 | 降水、融雪或者灌溉用水中流出土地进入河流或者其它地表水体的部分。 |
rural development | The broad spectrum of parallel efforts to support socio-economic development of rural areas, e.g. improved access to water, education, health facilities or markets by construction of small scale rural infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, irrigation and local transportation | nong cun fa zhan | 农村发展 | 为支持农村社会经济发展而同时开展的内容广泛的活动，例如通过建设小型的农村供水、环境卫生、灌溉和地方运输设施来改善供水、教育、卫生服务或者市场条件。 |
safe yield | The maximum amount of water that reliably can be withdrawn from a source without long-term deterioration of quality or quantity. Usually defined as the frequency of a specific flow in a river, the average abstraction and recharge of groundwater or the maximum drawdown of an individual borehole. | an quan chan shui liang | 安全产水量 | 能够从某一水源可靠开采、而不会使该水源的水质或水量出现长期恶化的最大水量。通常是根据河流特定流量的频率、地下水含水层平均开采量与补给量或者单个井孔最大水位下降深度确定的。 |
safety nets | Activities that are designed to improve the quality of life of the most vulnerable or disadvantaged segment of the population, who are unable to participate in or benefit from normal government programmes, or those who suffer from external shocks such as drought or flooding | an quan wang | 安全网 | 以改善人口中不能参与常规的政府计划或者从中获益的最弱势群体、或者那些遭受干旱、洪水之类外部灾害的群体的生活质量为目的的活动。 |
saline intrusion | The invasion of seawater into rivers in deltas and estuaries during tidal movements or as result of reduction of river flow, or into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas when recharge from the surface is reduced, or the up-welling of deep saline groundwater into shallow groundwater aquifers as result of heavy pumping from a borehole | xian shui ru qin | 咸水入侵 | 在三角洲及河口地区潮汐运动或河流流量减少导致海水侵入河流，在沿海地区来自地表水的补给减少导致海水侵入地下谈水含水层，或者从井孔高强度抽水导致深层地下咸水上升侵入浅层地下水含水层。 |
salinisation | Saline intrusion or the chemical precipitation and build up of salts in the surface soil of irrigated land due to a combination of inadequate irrigation and high evaporation | yan hua, yan zi hua | 盐化，盐渍化 | 咸水入侵或者由于灌溉不充分、蒸发强度大而造成盐份在灌溉土地的表层土壤中化学沉淀和积累。 |
sanitation | Hygienic disposal of wastewater and excreta | huan jing wei sheng | 环境卫生 | 污水、排泄物的卫生处理。 |
saturated zone | Layers of soils, sediments and rocks in which the pores, voids or fractures are saturated by water | bao he dai | 饱和带 | 由土壤、泥沙和岩石组成的、其孔隙与裂缝被水充满的地层。 |
scarcity, economic | Situation with sufficient water resources to meet demand but insufficient funds to construct the necessary infrastructure for abstraction, storage and distribution of water | jing ji xing que shui | 经济型缺水 | 有足够的水源来满足用水需求，但是缺乏足够的资金建设必要的基础设施来开采、储存和分配水。 |
scarcity, physical | Situation with insufficient water resources to meet water demands even at the highest efficiency of water use | zi yuan xing que shui | 资源型缺水 | 甚至在用水效率最高的情况下水资源也不能满足需求。 |
scenario | Description of a possible future situation and the decisions, interventions and course of events necessary to reach this situation. Alternative scenarios may be used in strategic planning to analyse and illustrate the costs and consequences of different options for development and corresponding requirements to management of water resources. | qing jing | 情景 | 对未来的可能情况以及为了实现这种情况所需要做出的决定、干预和事态的发展所作的描述。在战略规划中可以利用不同的情景分析和说明水资源管理不同开发方案的费用和结果以及相应的要求。 |
seasonal rate | A water tariff with unit prices that vary according to the water scarcity of different seasons | ji jie xing shui jia | 季节性水价 | 一种水价结构，单位价格随不同季节水资源的稀缺情况而变化。 |
secondary data | Data that either have been acquired from published sources or produced by consolidation, combination or other processing of data, as opposed to data acquired from direct observation or measurement. | er shou zi liao | 二手资料 | 从已经公布的资料来源获得、或者通过对资料进行整理、综合或以其他方式加工而获得的资料，而不是通过直接观测或测量得来的。 |
sector | Part of the socio-economic activities in a country, such as the water sector, the health sector, the energy sector, etc. | hang ye | 行业 | 国家社会经济活动的一部分，例如水行业、卫生行业、能源行业等等。 |
selective metering | Metering of households in selective areas or of specific types of industry | xuan ze xing yong shui ji liang | 选择性用水计量 | 对选定区域内的家庭用水户或者对特定工业类型进行用水计量。 |
service provider | A person, group or organization that provides services to consumers. Used in the water sector for those involved in water services delivery. | fu wu ti gong zhe | 服务提供者 | 向消费者提供服务的个人、团体或者组织。在水资源管理领域指水务服务的提供者 |
service area | The geographic area served by a water company | fu wu qu | 服务区 | 供水公司服务的地理区域。 |
service territory | see service area | fu wu qu | 服务区 | 见service area。 |
services | All water related services provided to customers or beneficiaries by government, semi-government, customer or beneficiary-owned and private sector entities. These include well-defined services such as urban water supply, stormwater drainage, wastewater collection, treatment and discharge, irrigation, drainage of agricultural land, as well as bulk water supply and flood control. It may also include less common services such as water-related recreation and tourism. | fu wu | 服务 | 由政府、准政府、消费者/受益者所有的以及私营机构向消费者或受益者提供的与水有关的服务。这些服务包括城市供水、暴雨排水、污水的收集、处理和排放、灌溉、农村土地排水以及批量供水和防洪等内容明确的服务。也可以包括象与水有关的娱乐、旅游等不那么常见的服务。 |
sewage | Liquid or water borne waste collected and transported by sewers | wu shui | 污水 | 通过下水道收集和输送的液态或者水载废物。 |
sewerage | Piped systems for collection, removal and disposal of sewage and surface water run off | xia shui dao, pai shui xi tong (she bei) | 下水道，排水系统（设备） | 用于收集、清除和处理污水和地表水径流的管道系统。 |
shallow well | A shallow hole in the ground with large diameter relative to depth, used for abstraction of groundwater and usually excavated manually | qian jing | 浅井 | 在地面上开挖的的浅孔，其口径对于深度相对较大，用于开采地下水，通常是手工开挖。 |
social impact assessment | A systematic analysis of the social aspects of a project to ensure that the social consequences have been considered with proposals for mitigation of identified negative impacts | she hui ying xiang ping jia | 社会影响评价 | 对项目的社会因素进行的系统分析，以保证项目的社会后果已经得到了考虑，并提出了减少确认的负面影响的建议。 |
social market research | A systematic process of investigation and collaboration with target communities to find out what they need, do and want, in order to obtain essential information for programme or project design | she hui shi chang diao cha | 社会市场调查 | 对目标社区进行调查并与之协作的系统过程，目的是了解社区需要什么，在做什么和想要什么，从而为计划或者项目的设计提供基本的信息。 |
social marketing | Use of commercial marketing approaches to promote consumer investment in social services such as water supply or sanitation or adopt new hygiene and sanitation habits. | she hui ying xiao | 社会营销 | 使用商业营销方法促使用户对供水、环境卫生这样的社会服务事业投资或者养成新的个人卫生和环境卫生习惯。 |
socio-economic | Relating to the social, demographic and economic interactions of individuals or communities | she hui jing ji de | 社会经济的 | 关于个人或社区的社会、人口和经济相互关系的。 |
source meter | A meter used to record water withdrawn from a surface water or groundwater source, or purchased from a bulk water supplier | shui yuan shui biao | 水源水表 | 用来记录从地表或地下水源抽取或从水批发商中购买水量的水表。 |
source-of-supply | Facilities used to abstract and/or store raw water prior to transmission, treatment and distribution | ji shui shui yuan | 给水水源 | 在输水、水处理和配水之前用来开采、储存原水的设施。 |
sovereignty | The right of national governments to manage and use water resources that originate in or pass through their national territory as they see fit. In international river basins the co-operation on management of shared water resources is of paramount importance for governments voluntarily to accept limitations on their sovereignty over water. | zhu quan | 主权 | 各国政府按照他们认为适当的方式对发源于或流经该国境内的水资源进行管理和使用的权利。对于国际流域，为使各国政府自愿接受对其水资源主权的限制，极为重要的是对共有水资源的管理开展合作。 |
stakeholders | Organisations, groups and individuals who share interests in a water resource and its use as shareholders, managers, service providers, beneficiaries or users | li yi xiang guan zhe | 利益相关者 | 以股东、管理者、服务提供者、受益者或者用户等身份在某个水资源及其利用中分享利益的组织、团体和个人。 |
stewardship | Water resources stewardship comprises the broad care and development of water resources on behalf of and for the maximum sustainable benefit to all of the nation's citizens. For the government, this entails policy formulation, resources planning, regulatory measures and basic data collection, analysis and dissemination. The stewardship functions provide the framework for the beneficial use of water and water related services. | kan guan zhe zhi ze | 看管者职责 | 水资源看管者的职责包括代表全体国民并为他们最大的可持续利益对水资源进行全面的管护与开发。对政府来说，这包括制定政策，进行水资源规划、采取管制措施并进行基本资料的搜集、分析与发布。看管者职责为水的有益利用和与水有关的服务提供了框架。 |
storage | To retain water for later use or for mitigation of flooding. Includes traditional means such as small tanks and large or small reservoirs, as well as storage in groundwater aquifers. Storage is used to balance the water supply on all scales from household use to river flow over a period of time ranging from hours and days to seasons and years. | xu shui | 蓄水 | 储存水以备将来使用或者减轻洪水灾害。包括水池、大、小水库等传统设施，也包括在地下含水层蓄水。蓄水可用于在各种尺度上（从家庭用水到河道径流）使供水在一定的时期里保持均衡，从数小时、数天到数个季节以至数年。 |
strategic plan | A plan produced in a strategic planning process | zhan lue gui hua | 战略规划 | 通过战略规划过程产生的规划。 |
strategic planning | Strategic planning is a management tool used to develop the fundamental values of an organisation which guide what it should do. Strategic planning helps to ensure that members of the organisation work toward the same goals, and to assess and adjust the direction of the organization in response to a changing environment. | zhi ding zhan lue gui hua | 制订战略规划 | 制订战略规划是一种管理手段，用于帮助一个组织开发指导其行为的基本价值。制订战略规划可保证组织的成员为共同的目标努力，根据变化的环境对组织的方向进行评估和调整。 |
strategy | Integration of the major goals and policies of a government, sector or organisation into an operational programme or set of coordinated plans | zhan lue | 战略 | 将政府、行业或者组织的主要长期目标和政策综合成一个工作计划或者一组协调的计划。 |
sub-basin | The catchment of a major tributary to a large river | zi liu yu | 子流域 | 大江大河主要支流的流域。 |
sub-metering | Metering of individual households or other customer units supplied from a single large service connection, such as apartments within an apartment building | fen biao ji liang | 分表计量 | 对由较大接管供水的单个用户或者其他用户单元（例如公寓楼里的住宅）进行用水计量。 |
subsector | A more specific subdivision of a sector. The water sector is often divided into sub-sectors such as water supply and sanitation, irrigation and drainage, hydropower and so on. | zi hang ye | 子行业 | 一个行业更专门的分支。水行业通常分成供水和环境卫生、灌溉与排水、水电等子行业。 |
subsidence | Slow lowering of the land surface caused by drainage of wetlands or heavy groundwater pumping which drains deposits of clay or organic matter causing the soil structure to collapse | di mian chen jiang | 地面沉降 | 由于湿地排水或者大量的地下水开采将黏土沉积物或者有机物排走造成土壤结构塌陷而引起的地面缓慢下沉。 |
supply management | Measures that a water utility applies to improve the efficiency of production, transmission, and distribution facilities | gong shui guan li | 供水管理 | 水务公司采用的旨在提高水的生产、输送、分配设施工作效率的措施。 |
supply pipe | The length of service pipe from a distribution system to a customer that lies within private property and is the responsibility of the owner of the property | ji shui guan | 给水管 | 连接配水管网与用户的、位于私人房地产内的入户管道部分，该房地产业主对这部分管道负责。 |
supply-side development | Developing the capacity of infrastructure of water sources, treatment plants, and distribution systems to increase water supply | gong fang kuo zhang | 供方扩张 | 扩大水源、处理厂和配水系统的基础设施能力，以增加供水。 |
surcharge | A special charge on a water bill used to recover costs associated with a particular activity such as source development or system expansion | fu jia fei | 附加费 | 水费帐单上的一项特殊收费，用来回收开发水源或者扩大系统之类的特定活动的费用。 |
surface water | Water in streams, rivers, natural lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs | di biao shui | 地表水 | 河流、天然湖泊、湿地和人工水库中的水。 |
suspended solids | Small particles or colloids that are suspended in water | xuan fu gu ti | 悬浮固体 | 水中悬浮的小颗粒或者胶体。 |
sustainability | The ability of a natural system or organisation to maintain its functions and deliver its services without outside support | ke chi xu xing | 可持续性 | 自然系统或者组织在没有外界支持的情况下维持其功能及发挥其作用的能力。 |
sustainable development | A development process in which the use of natural resources meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. First defined in the Brundtland Report. | ke chi xu fa zhan | 可持续发展 | 自然资源的利用在不会危及后代满足其需要能力的前提下满足当前需要的发展过程。在布伦特兰报告中首次提出这个定义。 |
system (water) | Interconnected water conveyance and storage facilities owned and operated by a water utility, some utilities operate multiple water systems | gong shui xi tong | 供水系统 | 一个供水公司拥有和管理的相互连接的输水、蓄水设施，某些公司同时管理多个供水系统。 |
target group | The specific group of people who directly will benefit from a project | mu biao qun ti, mu biao ren qun | 目标群体，目标人群 | 将直接从项目受益的特定群体。 |
tariff | The schedule of unit prices and other charges collected by a water or wastewater utility | jia mu biao | 价目表 | 供水或者污水公司收取的单位价格和其他收费表。 |
territorial integrity | The principle that the resources available to a country cannot be altered by the actions of another country | ling tu wan zheng | 领土完整 | 一个国家的可利用资源不得被另一个国家的行动所改变的原则。 |
test bore | A well drilled to explore for groundwater and test the characteristics of the aquifer | shi jing | 试井 | 为查勘地下水和检测含水层特征而钻的井。 |
TNA | Training Needs Assessment | pei xun xu qiu ping jia | 培训需求评价 | 培训需求评价的缩写 |
toilet flapper | Valve in a toilet tank or cistern that controls flushing | ce suo shui xiang fa | 厕所水箱阀 | 控制冲水的厕所水箱阀门。 |
toilet tank displacement device | A brick, plastic bag or other body installed in old toilet tanks or cisterns to save water by reducing the flush volume | ce suo shui xiang pai shui wu | 厕所水箱排水物 | 安装在厕所水箱里用来减少冲水量的砖头、塑料袋或其他物体。 |
total catchment management | Managing the land and water resources of a catchment in a holistic manner and using a participatory approach | quan liu yu guan li | 全流域管理 | 以统一的方式并采用参与式方法进行流域的土地和水资源管理。 |
total losses | The sum of water losses from a water company distribution system, customer supply pipes and general domestic leakage | zong shui sun | 总水损 | 供水公司配水系统、客户给水管道和一般家庭漏水的水损总和。 |
trading (water) | Buying and selling of the rights to water in an informal market or a formal government regulated market supported by a water permitting or licensing program | shui quan jiao yi | 水权交易 | 在非正式的市场上或者在以取水许可或执照计划为依托、由政府监管的正式市场上买卖水权。 |
traditional knowledge | The knowledge of natural ecosystems accumulated in indigenous or local communities, and expressed in the spiritual life, culture and language of the people, and which is passed to successive generations through stories, songs, dances and myths to ensure the survival of the people and the integrity of the socio-economic systems of the people. Traditional knowledge is based on practicality, reasoning and logic of historical experiences, and provides guidelines for governance and the respectful use and sharing of natural resources. | chuan tong zhi shi | 传统知识 | 在土著或者地方社区中累积的以民族的精神生活、文化和语言来表达的有关自然生态系统的知识，这些知识通过故事、歌曲、舞蹈和神话代代相传，以保证民族的生存及其社会经济系统的完整。传统的知识以历史经验的实践性、理性和逻辑为基础，为自然资源的管理以及以尊重的态度使用与分享自然资源提供指导。 |
Training Needs Assessment | A systematic assessment of the qualifications and skills that an organisation and individual should have to fulfil its role and of the training required to obtain these | pei xun xu qiu ping jia | 培训需求评价 | 对组织和个人为发挥其作用所需要的资质和技能以及为获得它们所需要进行的培训进行系统的评价。 |
transboundary | Crossing some administrative boundary, usually an international boundary, as in transboundary river basins | kua jie, kua bian jie | 跨界，跨边界 | 跨过某些行政边界，通常是国际边界，如跨界流域。 |
transferable water right | A water right that is sufficiently well defined to be transferred from one permit holder to another with or without payment or other compensation | ke zhuan rang shui quan | 可转让水权 | 定义明确、可以有偿或者无偿从一个许可证持有者转移给另一个持有者的水权。 |
transfers (water) | Diversion of water from one river basin or catchment to another | diao shui | 调水 | 从一个流域向另一个流域引水。 |
transmission mains | Large diameter pipes used to transport raw water from a source to a treatment plant or treated water from the treatment plant to the main branches of a distribution system | shu shui gan xian | 输水干线 | 把原水从水源地输送到水处理厂或者把净化水从水处理厂输送到配水系统主要支管的大口径管道。 |
treated water | Water treated to meet drinking water quality standards | jing hua shui, zhong shui | 净化水，中水 | 处理过的符合饮用水质量标准的水。 |
treatment costs | The costs associated with the treatment of water | jing hua cheng ben | 净化成本 | 对水进行处理的成本。 |
ultra-low-flush toilet | A toilet that uses 6 litres or less per flush, adopted as industry standard since year 2000 | chao di liang chong shui ma tong | 超低量冲水马桶 | 每次冲水量不超过6升的马桶，2000年以来采用为工业标准。 |
unaccounted for water | The volume of treated water that is lost from distribution systems by leakage or illegal connections, i.e. which cannot be accounted for by sales, internal use for backwashing and metered sales | wei ji liang shui | 未计量水 由于配水管网渗漏和非法用水而损失掉的净化水量，即未包括在售水量、内部回洗用水量和计量售水量中的水量。 | |
UfW | unaccounted-for-water |
| 未计量水的缩写。 | |
universal metering | Metering of all water connections | pu bian zhuang biao | 普遍装表 | 对所有给水接管都进行计量。 |
unmetered water | Water that is delivered to customers but not measured for accounting and billing purposes | wei ji liang shui | 未计量水 | 提供给用户但是没有进行计量来入帐和计费的水量。 |
unsaturated zone | Zone near the surface where the pores, voids or fractures of soils, sediments and rocks are filled partially by water and partially by air | fei bao he dai | 非饱和带 | 土壤、泥沙和岩石的孔隙与裂缝部分被水、部分被空气填充的靠近地表的岩层。 |
usable water supply | The portion of renewable water resources that can be exploited if all technically and economically feasible storage and diversion structures are built | ke li yong gong shui | 可利用供水 | 所有技术、经济方面可行的蓄水、输水设施建成后可以开发利用的那部分可更新水资源。 |
water use right | The right to use water according to specific conditions such as time, location, duration, priority and period of validity, which usually are stipulated in a water permit. Compare with proprietary water right | yong shui quan | 用水权 | 根据有关时间、地点、历时、优先序和有效期等具体条件用水的权利，通常是在取水许可证中规定这些条件。比较财产水权。 |
usufructuary water rights | See water use right | yong yi shui quan | 用益水权 | 见用水权。 |
user class | See customer class | yong hu lei bie | 用户类别 | 参看customer class。 |
utility company | General term for a company which provides water, wastewater or other public services irrespective of its ownership, but mainly used for companies which are owned by government but have independent management structure and accounts | gong yong shi ye gong si | 公用事业公司 | 负责供水、污水和其它公共服务的公司统称，不论其所有权如何，但是主要指由政府所有、具有独立的管理结构和帐户的公司。 |
variable charge | The portion of a water bill that varies according to the volume of delivered water | ke bian shui fei | 可变水费 | 水费账单中随供水量而变化的部分。 |
variable cost | Costs associated with delivery of water services that vary with the amount of water produced or sold | ke bian cheng ben | 可变成本 | 与供水服务相关的成本，随产水量或售水量变化。 |
virtual water | Water incorporated in a product including water used for production and product processing. Used to assess and illustrate the merits of importing agricultural products to water scarce areas or developing and using the scarce water resources to produce them locally. For example, 1 kilogram of wheat contains approximately 1,000 litres of virtual water. | xu ni shui | 虚拟水 | 产品中包含的水量，包括生产和产品加工用水。用于评价和说明向水资源短缺地区输入农业产品或者利用稀缺水资源在当地生产农业产品的优缺点。例如：1公斤的小麦大约包含1000升虚拟水。 |
vision | A statement describing the desirable situation or condition of a region, river basin or organisation | zhan wang | 展望 | 对一个地区、流域或者组织的理想状况的描述。 |
waste | Wasted water (e.g. leakage); the liquid or solid by-products from households or industrial processes that need to be disposed of | lang fei; fei wu | 浪费，废物 | 浪费的水（如渗漏）；家庭或者工业生产过程产生的需要处理的液态或者固态副产品。 |
waste minimization | The reduction of waste by the adoption of more efficient and cleaner production technologies | fei wu zui shao hua | 废物最少化 | 采用更高效和清洁的技术来减少废物。 |
wastewater | Water that has been “used” by household and industry and upon discharge contains dissolved or suspended matter or micro-organisms in concentrations that restrict the reuse of the water | wu shui, fei shui | 污水，废水 | 家庭、工业使用过的水，在排放时含有的溶解、悬浮物质或者微生物的浓度限制了水的重新使用。 |
water allocation | Deciding the amounts of water in a hydrological system to be made available to different purposes, users or sectors, e.g. domestic water supply, environment, industry, irrigation, etc. and the priorities among different uses in case of water shortage | shui fen pei | 水分配 | 将一个水文系统的水量分配给不同的用途、用户或者行业，例如生活供水、环境、工业、灌溉等等，并决定在出现缺水的情况下不同用途之间水分配的优先顺序。 |
water availability | The amount of water in a water management area that over a given period of time is available for allocation to various beneficial uses | ke li yong shui liang | 可利用水量 | 一个水管理区在特定时期内可用来分配给各种有益用水的水量。 |
water closet | Toilet that can be flushed by water from a cistern or valve on the water system | chou shui ma tong | 抽水马桶 | 利用水箱或者水管上的阀门冲水的马桶。 |
water conservation | Actions to improve the efficiency of retention, storage, conveyance, distribution or use of water, mainly used for conservation on large scale in a river basin, compared with small scale water saving measures by sub-sectors or individual households. | jie shui, shui bao, shui bao chi, shui zi yuan bao hu | 节水，水保，水保持，水源保护 | 改善水的保持、存储、输送、分配或使用效率的行动，与子行业或者单个家庭的小规模节水措施相比，主要指一个流域内的大规模节水。 |
water conservation awareness | An understanding of water conservation and water saving issues that results in a change of attitude and behaviour to using water | jie shui yi shi | 节水意识 | 导致用水态度和行为转变的对节水问题的认识。 |
water saving measures | Installations, appliances or actions by water utilities or users that contribute to saving water, e.g. leakage control, low flush toilets, etc. | jie shui cuo shi | 节水措施 | 水务公司或者用水户采用的有助于节水的设施、器具或者采取的行动，例如控制渗漏、低水量冲水马桶等。 |
water savings promotion | Encouraging people or organisations to adopt water saving practices in the household or workplace | jie shui xuan chuan | 节水宣传 | 鼓励人们或组织在家庭、工作场所采取节水措施。 |
water saving society | A society in which all people are aware of the importance to conserve water resources and use water wisely and efficiently and act accordingly | jie shui xing she hui | 节水型社会 | 在一个社会中所有的人都认识到节约水资源、合理、高效用水的重要性，并相应地采取行动。 |
water consumed | Water that escapes a hydrological system by evaporation or is removed by incorporation into plants, animals or industrial products | hao shui liang, hao shui | 耗水量，耗水 | 通过蒸发脱离水文系统或者进入到植物、动物或者工业产品中而被带走的水。 |
water crisis | A situation with widespread and chronic lack of access to adequate water resources for the basic needs of safe drinking water, hygienic sanitation and food production, resulting in high incidence of water-related diseases, famine, destruction of wetlands and degradation of water quality in rivers and lakes | shui wei ji | 水危机 | 大范围、长期地缺乏足够的水资源来满足安全饮用水、卫生和粮食生产的基本需要，导致多发与水有关的疾病、饥荒、湿地破坏、河流和湖泊水质恶化。 |
water cycle | The natural cycle of water from evaporation to the atmosphere, condensation and return to the earth surface as precipitation, infiltration into soil and percolation to storage in groundwater aquifers, underground flow to springs or areas of diffuse seepage to the surface, run-off through streams and rivers to storage in lakes and seas, and renewed evaporation to the atmosphere. | shui xun huan | 水循环 | 水的自然循环：水通过蒸发进入大气，凝结成水，以降水的形式回到陆地上，渗入土壤并进入地下含水层，通过地下径流形成泉水或者或扩散渗流溢出地表，以河川径流形式注入湖泊和海洋，再次通过蒸发进入大气。 |
water delivered | Water delivered to a customer at the limit of the distribution system that the water company is responsible for, usually at a water meter | gong ying shui liang, shu shui liang | 供应水量，输水量 | 在供水公司负责的配水系统的边界向用户供应的水量，通常是在安装水表之处。 |
water demand | The estimated present or projected future requirements of water for particular beneficial use, such as domestic water supply, industry, irrigation, cooling, etc., including also environmental demands to maintain or improve the quality of water related ecological environments | xu shui, shui xu qiu | 需水，水需求 | 对生活供水、工业、灌溉、冷却之类的特定有益用水需求的现状进行的估算或者对其未来需求进行的预测，越来越多地也把维持或者改善与水有关的生态环境质量的环境需水包括在内。 |
water entitlement | The amount of water that may be put to beneficial use under a water right | shou quan shui liang | 授权水量 | 根据水权可以用于有益用水的水量。 |
water licensing | The administrative process of issuing, registering and keeping records of licenses that confer water rights, and monitoring of compliance with the conditions of those licenses | shui quan zhi zhao de fa fang | 水权执照的发放 | 发放、登记和记录水权执照，并对遵守执照条款情况进行监督的管理过程。 |
water management area | A river basin, catchment or other geographic unit officially designated for planning and management of water | shui guan li qu | 水管理区 | 官方规定的作为水资源规划和管理单元的流域、集水区或者其它地理单元。 |
water market | A regulated or open system whereby a holder of water rights is allowed to sell, lease or otherwise exchange those rights in a closed market regulated by government or an open market regulated by supply and demand | shui shi chang | 水市场 | 允许水权持有者在政府管制的封闭市场上或者在受供求关系调节的开放市场上出售、出租或以其它方式交换水权的受管制的或者开放的制度。 |
water quality | A term used to describe the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, usually in relation to its suitability for a particular beneficial use or as indicator of human impact on the water environment | shui zhi | 水质 | 用于描述水的化学、物理和生物特征的术语，通常是关系到水对特定有益用途的适用性，或者作为人类对水环境影响的指标。 |
water resource | Any of the entire range of natural waters that occur on the Earth, regardless of their state (i.e., vapour, liquid, or solid) and that are of potential use to humans. Of these, the resources most readily available for use are the waters of the oceans, rivers, and lakes, while other available water resources include groundwater, deep subsurface waters, glaciers and permanent snowfields. | shui zi yuan | 水资源 | 地球上发生的对人类具有潜在用途的全部天然水体中的任何水体，不论其状态（即气态、液态或固态）如何。其中最便于利用的水资源是海洋、河流和湖泊中的水体，其它可利用的水资源包括地下水和深层地下水、冰川和永久性积雪。 |
water resource assessment | An examination of the occurrence, quantity and quality of water within a river basin or other hydrological unit, often compared with the projected future demands on the resource by different sectors. May include predictions on the reliability of the available resources based on historical data or scenarios for future changes in climate or development of the water resource | shui zi yuan ping jia | 水资源评价 | 对流域或其他水文单元中水的蕴藏、数量和质量进行检查，常常与不同行业对该资源的未来需求预测进行比较。可以包括根据历史资料或者未来气候变化或水资源开发的情景确定的可利用资源量可靠性进行的预测。 |
water resource conservancy | See water resource conservation; in some Chinese documents equivalent to Water Resources Management | shui li | 水利 | 见水资源节约保护；在某些中国文件相当于“水资源管理”。 |
water resource conservation | Efficient water resources management and utilisation at the river basin level, including watershed protection, reservoir storage, water allocation and transfers | shui zi yuan jie yue, shui zi yuan bao hu | 水资源节约，水资源保护 | 在流域层次上对水资源的高效管理和使用，包括流域保护、水库蓄水、水分配和输水。 |
water resource demand management | Administrative and economic measures and incentives used to reduce the demand on water resources in order better to match consumption and demands with available resources, e.g. water resources abstraction fees and wastewater discharge fees | shui zi yuan xu qiu guan li | 水资源需求管理 | 为减少对水资源的需求、更好地以可利用水资源满足对水的消耗与需求而采取的行政、经济和激励措施，例如收取水资源取水费、排污费等。 |
water resource development | Activities aimed at increasing the water resources available for exploitation and use within a river basin, mainly used for construction of large scale infrastructure such as dams, diversions or inter-basin transfers | shui zi yuan kai fa | 水资源开发 | 为增加流域内水资源可开发利用数量的各种活动，主要指水坝、引水工程或跨流域调水工程等大型基础设施建设。 |
water resource infrastructure | Infrastructure, mainly large scale, that is used in the exploitation or management of water resources | shui zi yuan ji chu she shi | 水资源基础设施 | 用于水资源的开发或管理的基础设施，主要是大型设施。 |
water resource management | Activities that address the full scope of water resources and provide benefits to a variety of water users or water use sectors. These activities include water resource assessment, planning, regulation, monitoring and control of water abstraction and water quality, flood control, management of multipurpose works, and similar functions. | shui zi yuan guan li | 水资源管理 | 针对水资源所有领域并使各种用水者或用水行业受益的活动。这些活动包括水资源评价、规划、对水资源开采和水质的管制、监督和控制、防洪、综合利用工程的管理以及类似的职能。 |
water resource planning | A systematic process to assess the physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions of water use. The process analyses and quantifies the available water resources and the anticipated future demands upon those resources, assigns water to different sub-sectors, estimates the investment needed to develop the resources and assesses the impact that development and use will have on the resources and water-related environments. | shui zi yuan gui hua | 水资源规划 | 对用水的自然、社会、经济和环境因素进行评价的系统过程。该过程评价和量化水资源的可利用量，预测对水资源的未来需求，对不同的子行业进行水分配，估算开发水资源需要的投资，评价水资源的开发和利用对水资源和与水有关的环境的影响。 |
water resource sector | All functions and activities that concern the investigation, management and use of water resources, as well as the facilities for storage, and transmission of water to bulk users. | shui zi yuan hang ye | 水资源行业 | 所有与水资源的调查、管理和利用以及为批量用水户蓄水和输水的设施有关的功能和活动。 |
water sector profile | A document that presents a brief description of the status of a nation’s water resources and water usage, the policy and institutional framework of the water sector, and the major issues to be addressed in water resources management and water services delivery | shui hang ye gai kuang | 水行业概况 | 简要介绍国家的水资源和用水状况、水行业政策和机构框架以及水资源管理和水务服务面临主要问题的文件。 |
water sector strategy | A national framework for river basin and subsectoral programming and planning of water resources conservation, development and usage in harmony with national goals and policies | shui hang ye zhan lue | 水行业战略 | 为制订流域和子行业的水资源保护、开发和利用计划与规划所提供的、与国家长期目标和政策相一致的国家级框架。 |
water service delivery | Water services within individual water use sectors such as domestic water supply, sanitation, irrigation and drainage, industrial water supply and hydropower | shui wu fu wu | 水务服务 | 各个用水行业中的水务服务，例如生活供水、环境卫生、灌溉与排水、工业供水以及水电。 |
water stress | An indicator of shortage of water in satisfactory quantity or quality to meet human needs within a geographic area or hydrological unit. May be measured in absolute (m3/capita/year) or relative terms (water use or water demand as percentage of available resources) | shui jin que | 水紧缺 | 表示在一个地理区域或者水文单元内缺少数量或质量合格的水来满足人类需求的指标。可以采用绝对值（立方米/人/年）或者相对值（用水量或者需水量占可利用资源量的百分比）来衡量。 |
water subsidies | Government funds that directly or indirectly cover part of the costs of making water services available to users | shui wu bu zhu, shui wu bu tie | 水务补助，水务补贴 | 政府提供的资金，以直接或间接回收向用户提供水务服务的部分成本。 |
water supply conservation | Efficient management and use of treated and piped water in an urban distribution system | gong shui de jie yue | 供水的节约 | 高效率地管理和使用城市配水系统的净化管道水。 |
water trading | The process of buying and selling water rights or water entitlements in a water market. Note that it is the water rights and not the water itself that is traded. | shui jiao yi | 水交易 | 在水市场上买卖水权或者授权水量的过程。要注意的是交易对象是水权，而不是水本身。 |
water use | The broad spectrum of the beneficial use of water by different sectors, including the consumptive use in domestic water supply and agriculture and non-consumptive use for aquaculture, cooling water and navigation, and the off-stream use for irrigation and piped water supply and the in-stream use for hydropower and assimilation of wastewater discharge. | yong shui | 用水 | 不同行业对水的各种有益使用，包括生活供水和农业中的消耗性用水和水产、冷却和航运中的非消耗性用水、灌溉和管道供水的河道外用水以及水电和接纳污水排放的河道内用水。 |
water withdrawn | Water abstracted or diverted from streams, rivers, lakes and groundwater aquifers | qu shui, qu shui liang | 取水，取水量 | 从河流、湖泊和地下含水层中开采或引走的水。 |
watershed | The land area in which water drains to a particular stream, river or lake. Commonly used for the area draining to a tributaries in the upper part of a major river basin; in North America also used for major river basins | liu yu, xiao liu yu, fen shui ling | 流域，小流域，分水岭 | 向特定河流或者湖泊排水的陆地区域。通常指大流域上游支流的流域；在北美也指大流域。 |
watershed management | Activities that contribute to protection, conservation and stabilisation of land and water resources in the upper part of a catchment, such as afforestation, terracing and contour planting which retard and reduce run off and soil erosion and increase groundwater recharge | liu yu zhi li, xiao liu yu zhi li | 流域治理，小流域治理 | 在支流流域上游开展的有助于土地和水资源的保护、节约和稳定的活动，例如造林、建设梯田和等高种植，这些措施可以迟滞和减少径流与土壤侵蚀，增加地下水补给。 |
weather | The composite condition of the near earth atmosphere, which includes temperature, barometric pressure, wind, humidity, clouds, and precipitation. Weather variations over a long period create the climate. | tian qi | 天气 | 近地大气的综合状态，包括温度、气压、风、湿度、云与降水。天气的长期变化称为气候。 |
well | A bored, drilled or a dug hole in the ground for investigation or abstraction of groundwater | shui jing | 水井 | 以地下水的查勘或者开采为目的、通过钻孔或开挖方式在地上打的孔。 |
wetland | Low lying areas with hydrophilic vegetation and subject to seasonal or permanent water-logging or flooding, such as marsh, fen, peatland, bog, flood plain, mudflats or a delta | shi di | 湿地 | 长有亲水植物并季节性或永久性被水淹没的低洼地带，例如：沼泽地、泥炭地、洪泛区、泥滩或三角洲。 |
wholesale water | Water sold or purchased for resale purposes | pi fa shui | 批发水 | 为转售而买卖的水。 |
World Water Council | A global water policy think tank established in 1996 as a neutral, non-profit, non-political and independent forum to advocate, assist and advise governments and international organisations on global water issues | shi jie shui li shi hui | 世界水理事会 | 1996年成立的一个全球水政策思想库，作为中立、非赢利性、非政治性的独立论坛，为各国政府和国际组织就解决全球水问题提供支持、协助与咨询。 |
World Water Forum | A major international conference and exhibition organised every three years by the World Water Council. Held 1997 in Marrakech, Morocco, 2000 in the Hague, the Netherlands, 2003 in Kyoto Japan and 2006 in Mexico | shi jie shui lun tan | 世界水论坛 | 由世界水理事会每三年组织一次的大型国际会议和展览活动。1997年在摩洛哥的马拉喀什、2000年在荷兰的海牙、2003年在日本京都举行。 |
demand driven | Development that is driven by the demands of water users and often takes place at their own initiative with or without government support | xu qiu qu dong de | 需求驱动的 | 由用户的需求推动的发展，常常是由用户自己主动进行的，可能有政府的支持，也可能没有。 |
demand responsive | Development assistance or government programmes and projects that are designed in response to demands expressed by beneficiaries and often implemented using a participatory approach | xu qiu xiang ying de | 需求响应的 | 根据受益者表示的需要而确定的开发援助或者政府计划及项目，常常采用参与式方法实施。 |
supply driven | Development that is designed in accordance with the perceived needs of beneficiaries and often implemented by water service providers with limited or no participation by beneficiaries | gong fang qu dong de | 供方驱动的 | 根据对受益者需求的理解而确定的发展，常常由水务服务提供者实施，受益者有限制地或者没有参与。 |
black water | Wastewater that contains sanitary waste from toilets or urinals. See also grey water. | hei shui | 黑水 | 包含马桶或者小便池污水的厕所污水，见灰水。 |
grey water | Wastewater from bathing, showering, hand washing and cooking that does not contain sanitary waste from toilets or urinals. See also black water. | hui shui | 灰水 | 不包含马桶、小便池污水的沐浴、淋浴、洗手用过的污水。见黑水。 |
yield | The quantity of water that it is technically possible to abstract from a surface or groundwater source. Compare with safe yield | chan shui liang | 产水量 | 从技术上可以从地表或者地下水源开采的水量，比较安全采水量。 |
AWWA | American Water Works Association, umbrella organisation of water companies in the USA advocating and protecting the rights of members and promoting exchange of experiences | mei zhou shui chang xie hui | 美洲水厂协会 | 为美国水务公司的联合组织，其宗旨是维护组织成员的权利，促进经验交流。 |
BOD | Biochemical Oxygen Demand | sheng hua xu yang liang | 生化需氧量 |
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BOD5 |
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BOT | Build, Operate and Transfer, a public - private partnership or contract for a private company to build specific infrastructure, operate it for a specific period to recover the investment costs and then transfer to the client free of charge | jiang she – yun xing – zhuan rang | 建设-运行-转让， | 为一种政府-私营部门伙伴关系或者合同，由私营公司建设具体的基础设施，经营一个特定的时期回收投资费用，然后将设施无偿转交给客户。 |
COD | Chemical Oxygen Demand | hua xue xu yang liang | 化学需氧量 |
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DFID | Department for International Development, British government department responsible for delivery and administration of official development assistance | ying guo guo ji fa zhan bu | 英国国际发展部 | 为英国政府负责提供、管理官方开发援助的部门。 |
DO | Dissolved oxygen | rong jie yang | 溶解氧 |
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DRA | Demand-Responsive Approach | xu qiu xiang ying fang fa | 需求响应方法 |
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EC | European Commission, the administrative unit providing technical support to the Council of the European Union | ou zhou wei yuan hui | 欧洲委员会 | 为欧盟理事会提供技术支持的行政机构。 |
EIA | Environmental Impact Assessment | huan jing ying xiang ping jia | 环境影响评价 |
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EPA | Environmental Protection Agency | huan jing bao hu ju | 环境保护局
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ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN) | ya tai jing ji yu she hui wei yuan hui | 亚太经济与社会委员会（联合国）
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EU | European Union, the political union of European States | ou zhou lian meng | 欧洲联盟，欧洲国家的政治联盟 |
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FAO | Food and Agriculture Organisation | liang shi yu nong ye zu zhi | 粮食与农业组织 |
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GIS | Geographic Information System | di li xin xi xi tong | 地理信息系统 |
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GWP | Global Water Partnership | quan qiu shui huo ban | 全球水伙伴 |
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HRD | Human Resource Development | ren li zi yuan kai fa | 人力资源开发 |
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IUCN | International Union for Nature Conservation | guo ji zi ran bao hu lian meng | 国际自然保护联盟 |
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IWA | International Water Association | guo ji shui xie hui | 国际水协会 |
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IWRM | Integrated Water Resources Management | zong he yi ti hua shui zi yuan guan li, shui zi yuan tong yi guan li | 综合一体化水资源管理，水资源统一管理 |
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IWRP | Integrated Water Resources Planning | zong he yi ti hua shui zi yuan gui hua, shui zi yuan tong yi gui hua | 综合一体化水资源规划，水资源统一规划 |
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MIS | Management Information System | guan li xin xi xi tong | 管理信息系统 |
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MoEd | Ministry of Education | jiao yu bu | 教育部 |
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MoH | Ministry of Health | wei sheng bu | 卫生部 |
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MRC | Mekong River Commission | mei gong he guan li wei yuan hui | 湄公河管理委员会 |
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NGO | Non-governmental Organization | fei zheng fu zu zhi | 非政府组织 |
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NPV | Net Present Value | jing xian zhi | 净现值 |
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OFWAT | Office of Water Services, government agency serving as regulator of the water supply and sanitation sector in England and Wales | Shui fu wu ban gong shi | 水服务办公室 | 英国英格兰和威尔士供水与环境卫生行业的政府管制机构 |
O&M | Operation and Maintenance | yun xing yu wei hu | 运行与维护 |
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ODA | Official Development Assistance | Guan fang kai fa yuan zhu | 官方开发援助 |
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PLC | Public Limited Company | gong gong you xian gong si | 公共有限公司 |
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PMU | Project Management Unit | xiang mu guan li dan wei | 项目管理单位 |
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PRA | Participatory Rural Assessment | can yu shi nong cun ping jia | 参与式农村评价 |
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PSP | Private sector participation | si ying bu men can yu | 私营部门参与 |
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R&D | Research and Development | yan jiu yu kai fa | 研究与开发 |
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SIA | Social Impact Assessment | she hui ying xiang ping jia | 社会影响评价 |
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SWAp | Sector-Wide Approach | quan hang ye fang fa | 全行业方法 |
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SWOT | Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats | you shi, lie shi, ji hui, wei xie | 优势、劣势、机会、威胁 |
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TA | Technical Assistance | ji shu yuan zhu | 技术援助 |
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TOR | Terms of Reference | ren wu da gang | 任务大纲 |
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UFW | Unaccounted-for-water | wei ji liang shui | 未计量水 |
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UN | United Nations | lian he guo | 联合国 |
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UNDP | United Nations Development Program | lian he guo kai fa ji hua shu | 联合国开发计划署 |
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UNEP | UN Environment Programme | lian he guo huan jing ji hua shu | 联合国环境计划署 |
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UNESCO | UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation | lian he guo jiao ke wen zu zhi | 联合国教科文组织 |
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UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | lian he guo nan min gao ji zhuan yuan | 联合国难民高级专员 |
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UNICEF | UN Children’s Fund | lian he guo er tong ji jin hui | 联合国儿童基金会 |
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UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization | lian he guo gong ye fa zhan zu zhi | 联合国工业发展组织 |
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UNU | United Nations University | lian he guo da xue | 联合国大学 |
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VIP Latrine | Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine | tong feng shi gai liang keng ce | 通风式改良坑厕 |
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WC | Water Closet (i.e. flush toilet) | ce suo | 厕所（即冲水厕所） |
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WHO | World Health Organisation (UN agency) | shi jie wei sheng zu zhi | 世界卫生组织（联合国组织） |
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WRDM | Water Resources Demand Management | shui zi yuan xu qiu guan li | 水资源需求管理 |
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WRM | Water Resource Management | shui zi yuan guan li | 水资源管理 |
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WS&S | Water Supply and Sanitation | gong shui yu huan jing wei sheng | 供水与环境卫生 |
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WWC | World Water Council | shi jie shui li shi hui | 世界水理事会 |
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WWF | World Wildlife Fund | shi jie ye sheng dong zhi wu ji jin hui | 世界野生动植物基金会 |
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